Gene-regulating compositions and methods for improved immunotherapy

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides methods and compositions related to the modification of immune effector cells to increase therapeutic efficacy. In some embodiments, immune effector cells modified to reduce expression of one or more endogenous target genes, or to reduce one or more functions of an endogenous protein to enhance effector functions of the immune cells are provided. In some embodiments, immune effector cells further modified by introduction of transgenes conferring antigen specificity, such as exogenous T cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are provided. Methods of treating a cell proliferative disorder, such as a cancer, using the modified immune effector cells described herein are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/357,400, filed Jun. 24, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/791,273, filed Feb. 14, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/354,102, filed Mar. 14, 2019, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/804,265, filed Feb. 12, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/768,428, filed Nov. 16, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/768,443, filed Nov. 16, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/768,448, filed Nov. 16, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/768,458, filed Nov. 16, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/692,010, filed Jun. 29, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/692,019, filed Jun. 29, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/692,100, filed Jun. 29, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/692,110, filed Jun. 29, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/643,578, filed Mar. 15, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/643,587, filed Mar. 15, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/643,597, filed Mar. 15, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/643,598, filed Mar. 15, 2018, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TEXT FILE SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The contents of the text file submitted electronically herewith are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety: A computer readable format copy of the Sequence Listing (filename: K071370003U507-SEQ-HJD.txt; date recorded: Jan. 31, 2022; file size 316 kilobytes).

FIELD

The disclosure relates to methods, compositions, and components for editing a target nucleic acid sequence, or modulating expression of a target nucleic acid sequence, and applications thereof in connection with immunotherapy, including use with receptor-engineered immune effector cells, in the treatment of cell proliferative diseases, inflammatory diseases, and/or infectious diseases.

BACKGROUND

Adoptive cell transfer utilizing genetically modified T cells, in particular CAR-T cells has entered clinical testing as a therapeutic for solid and hematologic malignancies. Results to date have been mixed. In hematologic malignancies (especially lymphoma, CLL and ALL), the majority of patients in several Phase 1 and 2 trials exhibited at least a partial response, with some exhibiting complete responses (Kochenderfer et al., 2012 Blood 1 19, 2709-2720). In 2017, the FDA approved two CAR-T therapies, Kymriah™ and Yescarta™ both for the treatment of hematological cancers. However, in most tumor types (including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer), fewer responses have been observed (Johnson et al., 2009 Blood 1 14, 535-546; Lamers et al., 2013 Mol. Ther. 21, 904-912; Warren et al., 1998 Cancer Gene Ther. 5, S1-S2). As such, there is considerable room for improvement with adoptive T cell therapies, as success has largely been limited to CAR-T cells approaches targeting hematological malignancies of the B cell lineage.

SUMMARY

There exists a need to improve the efficacy of adoptive transfer of modified immune cells in cancer treatment, in particular increasing the efficacy of adoptive cell therapies against solid malignancies, as reduced responses have been observed in these tumor types (melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer; Yong, 2017, Imm Cell Biol., 95:356-363). In addition, even in hematological malignancies where a benefit of adoptive transfer has been observed, not all patients respond and relapses occur with a greater than desired frequency, likely as a result of diminished function of the adoptively transferred T cells.

Factors limiting the efficacy of genetically modified immune cells as cancer therapeutics include (1) cell proliferation, e.g., limited proliferation of T cells following adoptive transfer; (2) cell survival, e.g., induction of T cell apoptosis by factors in the tumor environment; and (3) cell function, e.g., inhibition of cytotoxic T cell function by inhibitory factors secreted by host immune cells and cancer cells and exhaustion of immune cells during manufacturing processes and/or after transfer.

Particular features thought to increase the anti-tumor effects of an immune cell include a cell's ability to 1) proliferate in the host following adoptive transfer; 2) infiltrate a tumor; 3) persist in the host and/or exhibit resistance to immune cell exhaustion; and 4) function in a manner capable of killing tumor cells. The present disclosure provides immune cells comprising decreased expression and/or function of one or more endogenous target genes wherein the modified immune cells demonstrate an enhancement of one or more effector functions including increased proliferation, increased infiltration into tumors, persistence of the immune cells in a subject, and/or increased resistance to immune cell exhaustion. The present disclosure also provides methods and compositions for modification of immune effector cells to elicit enhanced immune cell activity towards a tumor cell, as well as methods and compositions suitable for use in the context of adoptive immune cell transfer therapy.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising reduced expression and/or function of ZC3H12A nucleic acid or protein (also known as Regnase-1). The present disclosure describes and demonstrates inhibition of ZC3H12A by multiple modalities, including CRISPR/Cas systems, zinc-finger systems, and siRNA/shRNA systems. In some embodiments, the reduced expression/function of ZC3H12A is mediated by an antibody, a small molecule, or a peptide. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of killing a cancerous cell comprising exposing the cancerous cell to a ZC3H12A protein inhibitor, wherein said inhibitor is an antibody, small molecule or peptide that binds to ZC3H12A and reduces ZC3H12A function and wherein said inhibitor is in an amount effective to kill said cancerous cell. In some embodiments, the exposure is in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression and/or function of one or more endogenous target genes selected from: (a) the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS; (b) ZC3H12A; (c) MAP4K1; or (d) NR4A3. In some embodiments, the reduced expression and/or function of the one or more endogenous genes enhances an effector function of the immune effector cell.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of one or more endogenous target genes selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, the reduced expression and/or function of the one or more endogenous genes enhances an effector function of the immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more of endogenous target genes selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, and IKZF2 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of at least one endogenous target gene selected from the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and at least one endogenous target gene selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of ZC3H12A and at least one endogenous target gene selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of ZC3H12A and CBLB. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of ZC3H12A and BCOR. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of ZC3H12A and TNFAIP3.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of MAP4K1 and at least one endogenous target gene selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of MAP4K1 and CBLB. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of MAP4K1 and BCOR. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of MAP4K1 and TNFAPI3.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of NR4A3 and at least one endogenous target gene selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of NR4A3 and CBLB. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of NR4A3 and BCOR. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of NR4A3 and TNFAPI3.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises (i) one or more nucleic acid molecules; (ii) one or more enzymatic proteins; or (iii) one or more guide nucleic acid molecules and an enzymatic protein. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules are selected from an siRNA, an shRNA, a microRNA (miR), an antagomiR, or an antisense RNA. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule, wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, the siRNA or shRNA comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule, wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6A and Table 6B. In some embodiments, the siRNA or shRNA comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule, wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6C and Table 6D. In some embodiments, the siRNA or shRNA comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule, wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6E and Table 6F. In some embodiments, the siRNA or shRNA comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule, wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6G and Table 6H. In some embodiments, the siRNA or shRNA comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules and is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6A and Table 6B and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of TNFAIP3, CBLB, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules and is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is ZC3H12A and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6C and Table 6D and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of ZC3H12A and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of TNFAIP3, CBLB, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules and is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is MAP4K1 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6E and Table 6F and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is MAP4K1 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of TNFAIP3, CBLB, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules and is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is NR4A3 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6G and Table 6H and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is NR4A3 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of TNFAIP3, CBLB, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises an enzymatic protein, and wherein the enzymatic protein has been engineered to specifically bind to a target sequence in one or more of the endogenous genes. In some embodiments, the protein is a Transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), a zinc-finger nuclease, or a meganuclease.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a guide nucleic acid molecule and an enzymatic protein, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a guide RNA (gRNA) molecule and the enzymatic protein is a Cas protein or Cas ortholog.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of at least one endogenous target gene, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a guide RNA (gRNA) molecule and a Cas protein or Cas ortholog, and wherein the one or more endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR, and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of at least one endogenous target gene, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a guide RNA (gRNA) molecule and a Cas protein or Cas ortholog, and wherein the one or more endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS, and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6A and Table 6B. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of at least one endogenous target gene, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a guide RNA (gRNA) molecule and a Cas protein or Cas ortholog, and wherein the one or more endogenous target genes is ZC3H12A, and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6C and Table 6D. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of at least one endogenous target gene, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a guide RNA (gRNA) molecule and a Cas protein or Cas ortholog, and wherein the one or more endogenous target genes is MAP4K1, and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Tables 6E and 6F. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of at least one endogenous target gene, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a guide RNA (gRNA) molecule and a Cas protein or Cas ortholog, and wherein the one or more endogenous target genes is NR4A3, and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Tables 6G and 6H. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of at least two endogenous target genes, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of gRNAs and a Cas protein or Cas ortholog. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of at least two endogenous target genes, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of gRNAs and a Cas protein or Cas ortholog, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes selected from the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6A and Table 6B and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes selected from the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of TNFAIP3, CBLB, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of at least two endogenous target genes, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of gRNAs and a Cas protein or Cas ortholog, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is ZC3H12A and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6C and Table 6D and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is ZC3H12A and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of TNFAIP3, CBLB, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of at least two endogenous target genes, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of gRNAs and a Cas protein or Cas ortholog, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is MAP4K1 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6E and Table 6F and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is MAP4K1 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of TNFAIP3, CBLB, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of at least two endogenous target genes, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of gRNAs and a Cas protein or Cas ortholog, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is NR4A3 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6G and Table 6H and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a nucleic acid sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the endogenous target genes is NR4A3 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of TNFAIP3, CBLB, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising a Cas protein or Cas ortholog, wherein: (a) the Cas protein is a wild-type Cas protein comprising two enzymatically active domains, and capable of inducing double stranded DNA breaks; (b) the Cas protein is a Cas nickase mutant comprising one enzymatically active domain and capable of inducing single stranded DNA breaks; or (c) the Cas protein is a deactivated Cas protein (dCas) and is associated with a heterologous protein capable of modulating the expression of the one or more endogenous target genes. In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, the heterologous protein is selected from the group consisting of MAX-interacting protein 1 (MXI1), Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) domain, methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2), and four concatenated mSin3 domains (SID4X).

In some embodiments, the gene regulating system introduces an inactivating mutation into the one or more endogenous target genes. In some embodiments, the inactivating mutation comprises a deletion, substitution, or insertion of one or more nucleotides in the genomic sequences of the two or more endogenous genes. In some embodiments, the deletion is a partial or complete deletion of the two or more endogenous target genes. In some embodiments, the inactivating mutation is a frame shift mutation. In some embodiments, the inactivating mutation reduces the expression and/or function of the two or more endogenous target genes.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the immune effector cell by transfection, transduction, electroporation, or physical disruption of the cell membrane by a microfluidics device. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced as a polynucleotide encoding one or more components of the system, a protein, or a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising reduced expression and/or function of one or more endogenous genes selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR, wherein the reduced expression and/or function of the one or more endogenous genes enhances an effector function of the immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising reduced expression and/or function of one or more endogenous genes selected from: (a) the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, and IKZF2; or (b) the group consisting of CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR, wherein the reduced expression and/or function of the one or more endogenous genes enhances an effector function of the immune effector cell.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising reduced expression and/or function of one or more endogenous genes selected from: (a) the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS; (b) ZC3H12A; (c) MAP4K1; or (d) NR4A3, wherein the reduced expression and/or function of the one or more endogenous genes enhances an effector function of the modified immune effector cell.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising reduced expression and/or function of two or more target genes selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR, wherein the reduced expression and/or function of the two or more endogenous genes enhances an effector function of the modified immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises reduced expression and/or function of CBLB and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising reduced expression and/or function of two or more target genes, wherein at least one target gene is selected from the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS, and wherein at least one target gene is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR, wherein the reduced expression and/or function of the two or more endogenous genes enhances an effector function of the modified immune effector cell.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising reduced expression and/or function of two or more target genes, wherein at least one target gene is ZC3H12A, and wherein at least one target gene is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR, wherein the reduced expression and/or function of the two or more endogenous genes enhances an effector function of the modified immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises reduced expression and/or function of ZC3H12A and CBLB. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises reduced expression and/or function of ZC3H12A and BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises reduced expression and/or function of ZC3H12A and TNFAIP3.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising reduced expression and/or function of two or more target genes, wherein at least one target gene is MAP4K1, and wherein at least one target gene is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR, wherein the reduced expression and/or function of the two or more endogenous genes enhances an effector function of the modified immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises reduced expression and/or function of MAP4K1 and CBLB. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises reduced expression and/or function of MAP4K1 and BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises reduced expression and/or function of MAP4K1 and TNFAIP3.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising reduced expression and/or function of two or more target genes, wherein at least one target gene is NR4A3, and wherein at least one target gene is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR, wherein the reduced expression and/or function of the two or more endogenous genes enhances an effector function of the modified immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises reduced expression and/or function of NR4A3 and CBLB. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises reduced expression and/or function of NR4A3 and BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises reduced expression and/or function of NR4A3 and TNFAIP3.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising an inactivating mutation in one or more endogenous genes selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising an inactivating mutation in one or more endogenous genes selected from: (a) the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, and IKZF2; or (b) the group consisting of CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising an inactivating mutation in one or more endogenous genes selected from: (a) the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS; (b) ZC3H12A; (c) MAP4K1; or (d) NR4A3.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising an inactivating mutation in two or more target genes selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises an inactivating mutation in the CBLB and BCOR genes.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising an inactivating mutation in two or more target genes, wherein at least one target gene is selected from the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS, and at least one target gene is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising an inactivating mutation in two or more target genes, wherein at least one target gene is ZC3H12A and at least one target gene is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises an inactivating mutation in the ZC3H12A and CBLB genes. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises an inactivating mutation in the ZC3H12A and BCOR genes. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises an inactivating mutation in the ZC3H12A and TNFAIP3 genes.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising an inactivating mutation in two or more target genes, wherein at least one target gene is MAP4K1 and at least one target gene is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises an inactivating mutation in the MAP4K1 and CBLB genes. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises an inactivating mutation in the MAP4K1 and BCOR genes. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises an inactivating mutation in the MAP4K1 and TNFAIP3 genes.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell comprising an inactivating mutation in two or more target genes, wherein at least one target gene is NR4A3 and at least one target gene is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises an inactivating mutation in the NR4A3 and CBLB genes. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises an inactivating mutation in the NR4A3 and BCOR genes. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector comprises an inactivating mutation in the NR4A3 and TNFAIP3 genes.

In some embodiments, the inactivating mutation comprises a deletion, substitution, or insertion of one or more nucleotides in the genomic sequences of the two or more endogenous genes. In some embodiments, the deletion is a partial or complete deletion of the two or more endogenous target genes. In some embodiments, the inactivating mutation is a frame shift mutation. In some embodiments, the inactivating mutation reduces the expression and/or function of the two or more endogenous target genes.

In some embodiments, the expression of the one or more endogenous target genes is reduced by at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% compared to an un-modified or control immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the function of the one or more endogenous target genes is reduced by at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% compared to an un-modified or control immune effector cell.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cell further comprises an engineered immune receptor displayed on the cell surface. In some embodiments, the engineered immune receptor is a CAR comprising an antigen-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the engineered immune receptor is an engineered TCR. In some embodiments, the engineered immune receptor specifically binds to an antigen expressed on a target cell, wherein the antigen is a tumor-associated antigen.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cell further comprises an exogenous transgene expressing an immune activating molecule. In some embodiments, the immune activating molecule is selected from the group consisting of a cytokine, a chemokine, a co-stimulatory molecule, an activating peptide, an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the antibody or binding fragment thereof specifically binds to and inhibits the function of the protein encoded by NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, or PDCD1.

In some embodiments, the immune effector cell is a wherein the immune effector cell is a lymphocyte selected from a T cell, a natural killer (NK) cell, an NKT cell. In some embodiments, the lymphocyte is a tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL).

In some embodiments, the effector function is selected from cell proliferation, cell viability, tumor infiltration, cytotoxicity, anti-tumor immune responses, and/or resistance to exhaustion.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising the modified immune effector cells described herein. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least 1×10⁴, 1×10⁵, 1×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 1×10⁸, 1×10⁹, 1×10¹⁰, or 1×10¹¹ modified immune effector cells. In some embodiments, the composition is suitable for administration to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises autologous immune effector cells derived from the subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises allogeneic immune effector cells derived from a donor subject.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression and/or function of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell selected from: (a) the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, and IKZF2; or (b) the group consisting of CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR, wherein the system comprises (i) a nucleic acid molecule; (ii) an enzymatic; or (iii) a guide nucleic acid molecule and an enzymatic protein.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell selected from: (a) the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS; (b) ZC3H12A; (c) MAP4K1; or (d) NR4A3, wherein the system comprises (i) a nucleic acid molecule; (ii) an enzymatic; or (iii) a guide nucleic acid molecule and an enzymatic protein.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell comprising a guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecule and a Cas endonuclease.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell comprising a guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecule and a Cas endonuclease, wherein the one or more endogenous target genes are selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, and IKZF2 or is selected from CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, the one or more endogenous target genes are selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, and IKZF2 and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell comprising a guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecule and a Cas endonuclease, wherein the one or more endogenous target genes are selected from CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell comprising a guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecule and a Cas endonuclease, wherein the one or more endogenous target genes are selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6A and Table 6B. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell comprising a guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecule and a Cas endonuclease, wherein the one or more endogenous target gene is ZC3H12A and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6C and Table 6D. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell comprising a guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecule and a Cas endonuclease, wherein the one or more endogenous target genes comprises MAP4K1 and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6E and Table 6F. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell comprising a guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecule and a Cas endonuclease, wherein the one or more endogenous target genes comprises NR4A3 and wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6G and Table 6H. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule and wherein the one or more endogenous target genes are selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, and IKZF2 or is selected from CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR and wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, the one or more endogenous target genes are selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, and IKZF2 and wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 154-498. In some embodiments, the one or more endogenous target genes are selected from CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR and wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule, wherein the one or more endogenous target genes are selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6A and Table 6B. In some embodiments, the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule, wherein the one or more endogenous target gene is ZC3H12A and wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6C and Table 6D. In some embodiments, the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule, wherein the one or more endogenous target genes comprises MAP4K1 and wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6E and Table 6F. In some embodiments, the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing expression of one or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA or an shRNA nucleic acid molecule, wherein the one or more endogenous target genes comprises NR4A3 and wherein the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6G and Table 6H. In some embodiments, the siRNA or shRNA molecule comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from: (a) the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS; (b) ZC3H12A; (c) MAP4K1; or (d) NR4A3, and wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from: (e) the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, and IKZF2; or (f) the group consisting of CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR, wherein the system comprises (i) a nucleic acid molecule; (ii) an enzymatic; or (iii) a guide nucleic acid molecule and an enzymatic protein

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the system comprises a plurality of guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecules and a Cas endonuclease.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the system comprises a plurality of guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecules and a Cas endonuclease, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNAs binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6A and Table 6B, and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNAs binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the system comprises a plurality of guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecules and a Cas endonuclease, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is ZC3H12A and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNAs binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6C and Table 6D, and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNAs binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the system comprises a plurality of guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecules and a Cas endonuclease, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is MAP4K1 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNAs binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6E and Table 6F, and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNAs binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the system comprises a plurality of guide RNA (gRNA) nucleic acid molecules and a Cas endonuclease, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is NR4A3 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNAs binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6G and Table 6H, and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNAs binds to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA molecules comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises a Cas protein, wherein the Cas protein is: (a) a wild-type Cas protein comprising two enzymatically active domains, and capable of inducing double stranded DNA breaks; (b) a Cas nickase mutant comprising one enzymatically active domain and capable of inducing single stranded DNA breaks; (c) a deactivated Cas protein (dCas) and is associated with a heterologous protein capable of modulating the expression of the one or more endogenous target genes. In some embodiments, the heterologous protein is selected from the group consisting of MAX-interacting protein 1 (MXI1), Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) domain, and four concatenated mSin3 domains (SID4X). In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule and wherein the nucleic acid molecule is an siRNA, an shRNA, a microRNA (miR), an antagomiR, or an antisense RNA. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of shRNA or siRNA molecules.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of shRNA or siRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6A and Table 6B and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and wherein at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of shRNA or siRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is ZC3H12A and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6C and Table 6D and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of shRNA or siRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is MAP4K1 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6E and Table 6F and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of two or more endogenous target genes in a cell, wherein the gene-regulating system comprises a plurality of shRNA or siRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the endogenous target genes is NR4A3 and at least one of the endogenous target genes is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 6G and Table 6H and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genome coordinates shown in Table 5A and Table 5B. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and at least one of the plurality of siRNA or shRNA molecules comprises about 19-30 nucleotides that bind to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises a protein comprising a DNA binding domain and an enzymatic domain and is selected from a zinc finger nuclease and a transcription-activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN).

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system comprising a vector encoding one or more gRNAs and a vector encoding a Cas endonuclease protein, wherein the one or more gRNAs comprise a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from: SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064, SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509, SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538, SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566, SEQ ID NOs: 154-498, or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system comprising a vector encoding a plurality of gRNAs and a vector encoding a Cas endonuclease protein, wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from: SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064, SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509, SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538, or SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566, and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from: SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system comprising a vector encoding one or more gRNAs and an mRNA molecule encoding a Cas endonuclease protein, wherein the one or more gRNAs comprise a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064, SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509, SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538, SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566, SEQ ID NOs: 154-498, or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system comprising a vector encoding a plurality of gRNAs and an mRNA molecule encoding a Cas endonuclease protein, wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from: SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064, SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509, SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538, or SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566, and wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from: SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system comprising one or more gRNAs and a Cas endonuclease protein, wherein the one or more gRNAs comprise a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from: SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064, SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509, SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538, SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566, SEQ ID NOs: 154-498, or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813, and wherein the one or more gRNAs and the Cas endonuclease protein are complexed to form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gene-regulating system comprising a plurality of gRNAs and a Cas endonuclease protein: wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from: SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064, SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509, SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538, or SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566, wherein at least one of the plurality of gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from: SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813, and wherein the one or more gRNAs and the Cas endonuclease protein are complexed to form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising a gene-regulating system described herein.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a gRNA nucleic acid molecule comprising a targeting domain nucleic acid sequence that binds to a target sequence in an endogenous target gene selected from: (a) the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS; (b) ZC3H12A; (c) MAP4K1; (d) NR4A3; (e) IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, and IKZF2; or (f) CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR. In some embodiments, (a) the endogenous gene is selected from the group consisting of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and the gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence located at genomic coordinates selected from those shown in Tables 6A and 6B; (b) the endogenous gene is ZC3H12A and the gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence located at genomic coordinates selected from those shown in Table 6C and Table 6D; (c) the endogenous gene is MAP4K1 and the gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence located at genomic coordinates selected from those shown in Table 6E and Table 6F; (d) the endogenous gene is NR4A3 and the gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence located at genomic coordinates selected from those shown in Table 6G and Table 6H; (e) the endogenous gene is selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, and IKZF2 and the gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence located at genomic coordinates selected from those shown in Table 5A and Table 5B; or (f) the endogenous gene is selected from the group consisting of CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR and the gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence located at genomic coordinates selected from those shown in Table 5A and Table 5B.

In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064, SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509, SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538, SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566, SEQ ID NOs: 154-498, or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a targeting domain sequence encoded by a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064, SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509, SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538, SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566, SEQ ID NOs: 154-498, or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, the target sequence comprises a PAM sequence.

In some embodiments, the gRNA is a modular gRNA molecule. In some embodiments, the gRNA is a dual gRNA molecule. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the gRNA molecule comprises a modification at or near its 5′ end (e.g., within 1-10, 1-5, or 1-2 nucleotides of its 5′ end) and/or a modification at or near its 3′ end (e.g., within 1-10, 1-5, or 1-2 nucleotides of its 3′ end). In some embodiments, the modified gRNA exhibits increased stability towards nucleases when introduced into a T cell. In some embodiments, the modified gRNA exhibits a reduced innate immune response when introduced into a T cell.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide molecule encoding a gRNA molecule described herein. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising one or more gRNA molecules described herein or polynucleotides encoding the same. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising one or more gRNA molecules described herein or polynucleotides encoding the same.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a modified immune effector cell comprising: (a) obtaining an immune effector cell from a subject; (b) introducing the gene-regulating system of any one of claims 156-239 into the immune effector cell; and (c) culturing the immune effector cell such that the expression and/or function of one or more endogenous target genes is reduced compared to an immune effector cell that has not been modified.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a modified immune effector cell comprising introducing a gene-regulating system described herein into the immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise introducing a polynucleotide sequence encoding an engineered immune receptor selected from a CAR and a TCR. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system and/or the polynucleotide encoding the engineered immune receptor are introduced to the immune effector cell by transfection, transduction, electroporation, or physical disruption of the cell membrane by a microfluidics device. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced as a polynucleotide sequence encoding one or more components of the system, as a protein, or as an ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a modified immune effector cell comprising: (a) expanding a population of immune effector cells in culture; and (b) introducing a gene-regulating system of any one of claims 156-239 into the population of immune effector cells. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise obtaining the population of immune effector cells from a subject. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells before, during, or after expansion. In some embodiments, the expansion of the population of immune effector cells comprises a first round expansion and a second round of expansion. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells before, during, or after the first round of expansion. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells before, during, or after the second round of expansion. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells before the first and second rounds of expansion. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells after the first and second rounds of expansion. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells after the first round of expansion and before the second round of expansion.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of a modified immune effector described herein, or composition thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a cell proliferative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, or an infectious disease. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a cancer or a viral infection. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from a leukemia, a lymphoma, or a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is a melanoma, a pancreatic tumor, a bladder tumor, a lung tumor or metastasis, a colorectal cancer, or a head and neck cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is a PD1 resistant or insensitive cancer. In some embodiments, the subject has previously been treated with a PD1 inhibitor or a PDL1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise administering to the subject an antibody or binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to and inhibits the function of the protein encoded by NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, or PDCD1. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells are autologous to the subject. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells are allogenic to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject has not undergone lymphodepletion prior to administration of the modified immune effector cells or compositions thereof. In some embodiments, the subject does not receive high-dose IL-2 treatment with or after the administration of the modified immune effector cells or compositions thereof. In some embodiments, the subject receives low-dose IL-2 treatment with or after the administration of the modified immune effector cells or compositions thereof. In some embodiments, the subject does not receive IL-2 treatment with or after the administration of the modified immune effector cells or compositions thereof.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of killing a cancerous cell comprising exposing the cancerous cell to a modified immune effector cell described herein or a composition thereof. In some embodiments, the exposure is in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of enhancing one or more effector functions of an immune effector cell comprising introducing a gene-regulating system described herein into the immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of enhancing one or more effector functions of an immune effector cell comprising introducing a gene-regulating system described herein into the immune effector cell, wherein the modified immune effector cell demonstrates one or more enhanced effector functions compared to the immune effector cell that has not been modified. In some embodiments, the one or more effector functions are selected from cell proliferation, cell viability, cytotoxicity, tumor infiltration, increased cytokine production, anti-tumor immune responses, and/or resistance to exhaustion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A-FIG. 1B illustrate combinations of endogenous target genes that can be modified by the methods described herein.

FIG. 2A-FIG. 2B illustrate combinations of endogenous target genes that can be modified by the methods described herein.

FIG. 3A-FIG. 3B illustrate combinations of endogenous target genes that can be modified by the methods described herein.

FIG. 4A-FIG. 4D illustrates editing of the TRAC and B2M genes using methods described herein.

FIG. 5A-FIG. 5B illustrate TIDE analysis data for editing of CBLB in primary human T cells.

FIG. 6 illustrates a western blot for CBLB protein in primary human T cells edited with a CBLB gRNA (D6551-CBLB) compared to unedited controls (D6551-WT).

FIG. 7A-FIG. 7E show tumor growth over time in a murine B16/Ova syngeneic tumor model. FIG. 7A shows tumor growth in mice treated with CBLB-edited OT1 T cells compared to unedited OT1 T cells. FIG. 7B-FIG. 7C shows tumor growth in mice treated with ZC3H12A-edited OT1 T cells compared to unedited OT1 T cells. FIG. 7D shows tumor growth in mice treated with MAP4K1-edited OT1 T cells compared to unedited OT1 T cells. FIG. 7E shows tumor growth in mice treated with NR4A3-edited OT1 T cells compared to unedited OT1 T cells.

FIG. 8A-FIG. 8B show tumor growth over time in a murine B16/Ova syngeneic tumor model in mice treated with single-edited T cells and/or in combination with anti-PD1 therapy. FIG. 8A shows tumor growth in mice treated with a combination of MAP4K1-edited OT1 T cells and anti-PD1 therapy compared to control and MAP4K1-edited OT1 cells alone. FIG. 8B shows tumor growth in mice treated with a combination of NR4A3-edited OT1 T cells and anti-PD1 therapy compared to control and NR4A3-edited OT1 cells alone.

FIG. 9 shows tumor growth over time in a murine MC38/gp100 syngeneic tumor model in mice treated with Zc3h12a-edited PMEL T cells.

FIG. 10 shows a survival curve of mice treated with Zc3h12a-edited PMEL T cells and PD1-edited PMEL T cells in a B16F10 lung met model.

FIG. 11 shows tumor growth over time in a murine Eg7 Ova syngeneic tumor model in mice treated with Zc3h12a-edited T cells.

FIG. 12A-FIG. 12B shows tumor growth over time in a murine A375 xenograft model for mice. FIG. 12A shows tumor growth over time in a murine A375 xenograft model for mice treated with CBLB-edited NY-ESO-1-specific TCR transgenic T cells compared to unedited NY-ESO-1-specific TCR transgenic T cells. FIG. 12B shows tumor growth over time in a murine A375 xenograft model for mice treated with ZC3H12A-edited NY-ESO-1-specific TCR transgenic T cells compared to control edited T cells.

FIG. 13A-FIG. 13B shows tumor growth after treatment with single-edited CD19 CAR T cells in a subcutaneous model of Burkitt's lymphoma using Raji cells. FIG. 13A shows tumor growth after treatment with MAP4K1-edited CD19 CAR T cells compared to unedited CD19 CAR T cells. FIG. 13B shows tumor growth after treatment with NR4A3-edited CD19 CAR T cells compared to unedited CD19 CAR T cells.

FIG. 14 shows tumor growth over time in mice treated with BCOR-edited, CBLB-edited, or BCOR/CBLB dual-edited anti-CD19 CAR T cells. Tumor growth is compared to mice treated with no CAR T cells or unedited anti-CD19 CAR T cells.

FIG. 15 shows accumulation of BCOR-edited or BCOR/CBLB-edited CD19 CAR T cells in an in vitro culture system.

FIG. 16 shows IL-2 production by BCOR-edited or BCOR/CBLB-edited CD19 CAR T cells in an in vitro culture system.

FIG. 17 shows IFNγ production by BCOR-edited or BCOR/CBLB-edited CD19 CAR T cells in an in vitro culture system.

FIG. 18 shows tumor growth over time in a murine B16/Ova syngeneic tumor model in mice treated with dual-edited Zc3h12a/Cblb OT1 T cells.

FIG. 19 shows tumor growth over time in a murine B16/Ova syngeneic tumor model in mice treated with Pd1/Lag3 dual-edited OT1 T cells.

FIG. 20 shows validation of Zc3h12a as target conferring anti-tumor memory and epitope spreading.

FIG. 21 shows production of IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα in MAP4K1-edited PBMCs.

FIG. 22 shows mRNA expression of Icos, Il6, Il2, Ifng, and Nfkbiz in Zc3h12a-edited murine CD8 T cells.

FIG. 23 shows cell surface expression of ICOS in Zc3h12a-edited murine CD8 T cells.

FIG. 24 shows production of IL-2 and IFNγ by Zc3h12a-edited murine CD8 T cells after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation.

FIG. 25A-FIG. 25B show increased expression of IL6 in ZC3H12A-edited primary human T cells. FIG. 25A shows IL-6 protein production from ZC3H12A-edited PBMCs derived from donors. FIG. 25B shows IL6 mRNA expression in ZC3H12A-edited PBMCs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides methods and compositions related to the modification of immune effector cells to increase their therapeutic efficacy in the context of immunotherapy. In some embodiments, immune effector cells are modified by the methods of the present disclosure to reduce expression of one or more endogenous target genes, or to reduce one or more functions of an endogenous protein such that one or more effector functions of the immune cells are enhanced. In some embodiments, the immune effector cells are further modified by introduction of transgenes conferring antigen specificity, such as introduction of T cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) expression constructs. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compositions and methods for modifying immune effector cells, such as compositions of gene-regulating systems. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating a cell proliferative disorder, such as a cancer, comprising administration of the modified immune effector cells described herein to a subject in need thereof.

I. Definitions

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural references unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

As used in this specification, the term “and/or” is used in this disclosure to mean either “and” or “or” unless indicated otherwise.

Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the words “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element or integer or group of elements or integers but not the exclusion of any other element or integer or group of elements or integers.

As used in this application, the terms “about” and “approximately” are used as equivalents. Any numerals used in this application with or without about/approximately are meant to cover any normal fluctuations appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the relevant art. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value).

“Decrease” or “reduce” refers to a decrease or a reduction in a particular value of at least 5%, for example, a 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% decrease as compared to a reference value. A decrease or reduction in a particular value may also be represented as a fold-change in the value compared to a reference value, for example, at least a 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 500, 1000-fold, or more, decrease as compared to a reference value.

“Increase” refers to an increase in a particular value of at least 5%, for example, a 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, or more increase as compared to a reference value. An increase in a particular value may also be represented as a fold-change in the value compared to a reference value, for example, at least a 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 500, 1000-fold or more, increase as compared to the level of a reference value.

The terms “peptide,” “polypeptide,” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a polymeric form of amino acids of any length, which can include coded and non-coded amino acids, chemically or biochemically modified or derivatized amino acids, and polypeptides having modified peptide backbones.

The terms “polynucleotide” and “nucleic acid,” used interchangeably herein, refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Thus, this term includes, but is not limited to, single-, double-, or multi-stranded DNA or RNA, genomic DNA, cDNA, DNA-RNA hybrids, or a polymer comprising purine and pyrimidine bases or other natural, chemically or biochemically modified, non-natural, or derivatized nucleotide bases. “Oligonucleotide” generally refers to polynucleotides of between about 5 and about 100 nucleotides of single- or double-stranded DNA. However, for the purposes of this disclosure, there is no upper limit to the length of an oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotides are also known as “oligomers” or “oligos” and may be isolated from genes, or chemically synthesized by methods known in the art. The terms “polynucleotide” and “nucleic acid” should be understood to include, as applicable to the embodiments being described, single-stranded (such as sense or antisense) and double-stranded polynucleotides.

“Fragment” refers to a portion of a polypeptide or polynucleotide molecule containing less than the entire polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, a fragment of a polypeptide or polynucleotide comprises at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the entire length of the reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. In some embodiments, a polypeptide or polynucleotide fragment may contain 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, or more nucleotides or amino acids.

The term “sequence identity” refers to the percentage of bases or amino acids between two polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences that are the same, and in the same relative position. As such one polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence has a certain percentage of sequence identity compared to another polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence. For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. The term “reference sequence” refers to a molecule to which a test sequence is compared.

“Complementary” refers to the capacity for pairing, through base stacking and specific hydrogen bonding, between two sequences comprising naturally or non-naturally occurring bases or analogs thereof. For example, if a base at one position of a nucleic acid is capable of hydrogen bonding with a base at the corresponding position of a target, then the bases are considered to be complementary to each other at that position. Nucleic acids can comprise universal bases, or inert abasic spacers that provide no positive or negative contribution to hydrogen bonding. Base pairings may include both canonical Watson-Crick base pairing and non-Watson-Crick base pairing (e.g., Wobble base pairing and Hoogsteen base pairing). It is understood that for complementary base pairings, adenosine-type bases (A) are complementary to thymidine-type bases (T) or uracil-type bases (U), that cytosine-type bases (C) are complementary to guanosine-type bases (G), and that universal bases such as such as 3-nitropyrrole or 5-nitroindole can hybridize to and are considered complementary to any A, C, U, or T. Nichols et al., Nature, 1994; 369:492-493 and Loakes et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1994; 22:4039-4043. Inosine (I) has also been considered in the art to be a universal base and is considered complementary to any A, C, U, or T. See Watkins and SantaLucia, Nucl. Acids Research, 2005; 33 (19): 6258-6267.

As referred to herein, a “complementary nucleic acid sequence” is a nucleic acid sequence comprising a sequence of nucleotides that enables it to non-covalently bind to another nucleic acid in a sequence-specific, antiparallel, manner (i.e., a nucleic acid specifically binds to a complementary nucleic acid) under the appropriate in vitro and/or in vivo conditions of temperature and solution ionic strength.

Methods of sequence alignment for comparison and determination of percent sequence identity and percent complementarity are well known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, (1988) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444, by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), by manual alignment and visual inspection (see, e.g., Brent et al., (2003) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology), by use of algorithms know in the art including the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al., (1977) Nuc. Acids Res. 25:3389-3402; and Altschul et al., (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410, respectively. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Herein, the term “hybridize” refers to pairing between complementary nucleotide bases (e.g., adenine (A) forms a base pair with thymine (T) in a DNA molecule and with uracil (U) in an RNA molecule, and guanine (G) forms a base pair with cytosine (C) in both DNA and RNA molecules) to form a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule. (See, e.g., Wahl and Berger (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:399; Kimmel, (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:507). In addition, it is also known in the art that for hybridization between two RNA molecules (e.g., dsRNA), guanine (G) base pairs with uracil (U). For example, G/U base-pairing is partially responsible for the degeneracy (i.e., redundancy) of the genetic code in the context of tRNA anti-codon base-pairing with codons in mRNA. In the context of this disclosure, a guanine (G) of a protein-binding segment (dsRNA duplex) of a guide RNA molecule is considered complementary to a uracil (U), and vice versa. As such, when a G/U base-pair can be made at a given nucleotide position a protein-binding segment (dsRNA duplex) of a guide RNA molecule, the position is not considered to be non-complementary, but is instead considered to be complementary. It is understood in the art that the sequence of polynucleotide need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. Moreover, a polynucleotide may hybridize over one or more segments such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure or hairpin structure). A polynucleotide can comprise at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence complementarity to a target region within the target nucleic acid sequence to which they are targeted.

The term “modified” refers to a substance or compound (e.g., a cell, a polynucleotide sequence, and/or a polypeptide sequence) that has been altered or changed as compared to the corresponding unmodified substance or compound.

The term “naturally-occurring” as used herein as applied to a nucleic acid, a polypeptide, a cell, or an organism, refers to a nucleic acid, polypeptide, cell, or organism that is found in nature. For example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that is present in an organism (including viruses) that can be isolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified by a human in the laboratory is naturally occurring.

“Isolated” refers to a material that is free to varying degrees from components which normally accompany it as found in its native state.

An “expression cassette” or “expression construct” refers to a DNA polynucleotide sequence operably linked to a promoter. “Operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components so described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a polynucleotide sequence if the promoter affects the transcription or expression of the polynucleotide sequence.

The term “recombinant vector” as used herein refers to a polynucleotide molecule capable transferring or transporting another polynucleotide inserted into the vector. The inserted polynucleotide may be an expression cassette. In some embodiments, a recombinant vector may be viral vector or a non-viral vector (e.g., a plasmid).

The term “sample” refers to a biological composition (e.g., a cell or a portion of a tissue) that is subjected to analysis and/or genetic modification. In some embodiments, a sample is a “primary sample” in that it is obtained directly from a subject; in some embodiments, a “sample” is the result of processing of a primary sample, for example to remove certain components and/or to isolate or purify certain components of interest.

The term “subject” includes animals, such as e.g. mammals. In some embodiments, the mammal is a primate. In some embodiments, the mammal is a human. In some embodiments, subjects are livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, cows, swine, and the like; or domesticated animals such as dogs and cats. In some embodiments (e.g., particularly in research contexts) subjects are rodents (e.g., mice, rats, hamsters), rabbits, primates, or swine such as inbred pigs and the like. The terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein.

“Administration” refers herein to introducing an agent or composition into a subject.

“Treating” as used herein refers to delivering an agent or composition to a subject to affect a physiologic outcome.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to the minimum amount of an agent or composition required to result in a particular physiological effect. The effective amount of a particular agent may be represented in a variety of ways based on the nature of the agent, such as mass/volume, # of cells/volume, particles/volume, (mass of the agent)/(mass of the subject), # of cells/(mass of subject), or particles/(mass of subject). The effective amount of a particular agent may also be expressed as the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50), which refers to the concentration of an agent that results in a magnitude of a particular physiological response that is half-way between a reference level and a maximum response level.

“Population” of cells refers to any number of cells greater than 1, but is preferably at least 1×10³ cells, at least 1×10⁴ cells, at least 1×10⁵ cells, at least 1×10⁶ cells, at least 1×10⁷ cells, at least 1×10⁸ cells, at least 1×10⁹ cells, at least 1×10¹⁰ cells, at least 1×10¹¹ or more cells. A population of cells may refer to an in vitro population (e.g., a population of cells in culture) or an in vivo population (e.g., a population of cells residing in a particular tissue).

General methods in molecular and cellular biochemistry can be found in such standard textbooks as Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Ed. (Sambrook et al., HaRBor Laboratory Press 2001); Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 4th Ed. (Ausubel et al. eds., John Wiley & Sons 1999); Protein Methods (Bollag et al., John Wiley & Sons 1996); Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy (Wagner et al. eds., Academic Press 1999); Viral Vectors (Kaplift & Loewy eds., Academic Press 1995); Immunology Methods Manual (I. Lefkovits ed., Academic Press 1997); and Cell and Tissue Culture: Laboratory Procedures in Biotechnology (Doyle & Griffiths, John Wiley & Sons 1998), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

II. Modified Immune Effector Cells

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides modified immune effector cells. Herein, the term “modified immune effector cells” encompasses immune effector cells comprising one or more genomic modifications resulting in the reduced expression and/or function of one or more endogenous target genes as well as immune effector cells comprising a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of one or more endogenous target genes. Herein, an “un-modified immune effector cell” or “control immune effector cell” refers to a cell or population of cells wherein the genomes have not been modified and that does not comprise a gene-regulating system or comprises a control gene-regulating system (e.g., an empty vector control, a non-targeting gRNA, a scrambled siRNA, etc.).

The term “immune effector cell” refers to cells involved in mounting innate and adaptive immune responses, including but not limited to lymphocytes (such as T-cells (including thymocytes) and B-cells), natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and mast cells. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cell is a T cell, such as a CD4+ T cell, a CD8+ T cell (also referred to as a cytotoxic T cell or CTL), a regulatory T cell (Treg), a Th1 cell, a Th2 cell, or a Th17 cell.

In some embodiments, the immune effector cell is a T cell that has been isolated from a tumor sample (referred to herein as “tumor infiltrating lymphocytes” or “TILs”). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that TILs possess increased specificity to tumor antigens (Radvanyi et al., 2012 Clin Canc Res 18:6758-6770) and can therefore mediate tumor antigen-specific immune response (e.g., activation, proliferation, and cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell) leading to cancer cell destruction (Brudno et al., 2018 Nat Rev Clin Onc 15:31-46)) without the introduction of an exogenous engineered receptor. Therefore, in some embodiments, TILs are isolated from a tumor in a subject, expanded ex vivo, and re-infused into a subject. In some embodiments, TILs are modified to express one or more exogenous receptors specific for an autologous tumor antigen, expanded ex vivo, and re-infused into the subject. Such embodiments can be modeled using in vivo mouse models wherein mice have been transplanted with a cancer cell line expressing a cancer antigen (e.g., CD19) and are treated with modified T cells that express an exogenous receptor that is specific for the cancer antigen (See e.g., Examples 10 and 11).

In some embodiments, the immune effector cell is an animal cell or is derived from an animal cell, including invertebrate animals and vertebrate animals (e.g., fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, or mammal). In some embodiments, the immune effector cell is a mammalian cell or is derived from a mammalian cell (e.g., a pig, a cow, a goat, a sheep, a rodent, a non-human primate, a human, etc.). In some embodiments, the immune effector cell is a rodent cell or is derived from a rodent cell (e.g., a rat or a mouse). In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cell is a human cell or is derived from a human cell.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise one or more modifications (e.g., insertions, deletions, or mutations of one or more nucleic acids) in the genomic DNA sequence of an endogenous target gene resulting in the reduced expression and/or function the endogenous gene. Such modifications are referred to herein as “inactivating mutations” and endogenous genes comprising an inactivating mutation are referred to as “modified endogenous target genes.” In some embodiments, the inactivating mutations reduce or inhibit mRNA transcription, thereby reducing the expression level of the encoded mRNA transcript and protein. In some embodiments, the inactivating mutations reduce or inhibit mRNA translation, thereby reducing the expression level of the encoded protein. In some embodiments, the inactivating mutations encode a modified endogenous protein with reduced or altered function compared to the unmodified (i.e., wild-type) version of the endogenous protein (e.g., a dominant-negative mutant, described infra).

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise one or more genomic modifications at a genomic location other than an endogenous target gene that result in the reduced expression and/or function of the endogenous target gene or that result in the expression of a modified version of an endogenous protein. For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence encoding a gene regulating system is inserted into one or more locations in the genome, thereby reducing the expression and/or function of an endogenous target gene upon the expression of the gene-regulating system. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence encoding a modified version of an endogenous protein is inserted at one or more locations in the genome, wherein the function of the modified version of the protein is reduced compared to the un-modified or wild-type version of the protein (e.g., a dominant-negative mutant, described infra).

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein comprise one or more modified endogenous target genes, wherein the one or more modifications result in a reduced expression and/or function of a gene product (i.e., an mRNA transcript or a protein) encoded by the endogenous target gene compared to an unmodified immune effector cell. For example, in some embodiments, a modified immune effector cell demonstrates reduced expression of an mRNA transcript and/or reduced expression of a protein. In some embodiments, the expression of the gene product in a modified immune effector cell is reduced by at least 5% compared to the expression of the gene product in an unmodified immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the expression of the gene product in a modified immune effector cell is reduced by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more compared to the expression of the gene product in an unmodified immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein demonstrate reduced expression and/or function of gene products encoded by a plurality (e.g., two or more) of endogenous target genes compared to the expression of the gene products in an unmodified immune effector cell. For example, in some embodiments, a modified immune effector cell demonstrates reduced expression and/or function of gene products from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more endogenous target genes compared to the expression of the gene products in an unmodified immune effector cell.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a modified immune effector cell wherein one or more endogenous target genes, or a portion thereof, are deleted (i.e., “knocked-out”) such that the modified immune effector cell does not express the mRNA transcript or protein. In some embodiments, a modified immune effector cell comprises deletion of a plurality of endogenous target genes, or portions thereof. In some embodiments, a modified immune effector cell comprises deletion of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more endogenous target genes.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein comprise one or more modified endogenous target genes, wherein the one or more modifications to the target DNA sequence result in expression of a protein with reduced or altered function (e.g., a “modified endogenous protein”) compared to the function of the corresponding protein expressed in an unmodified immune effector cell (e.g., a “unmodified endogenous protein”). In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein comprise 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more modified endogenous target genes encoding 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more modified endogenous proteins. In some embodiments, the modified endogenous protein demonstrates reduced or altered binding affinity for another protein expressed by the modified immune effector cell or expressed by another cell; reduced or altered signaling capacity; reduced or altered enzymatic activity; reduced or altered DNA-binding activity; or reduced or altered ability to function as a scaffolding protein.

In some embodiments, the modified endogenous target gene comprises one or more dominant negative mutations. As used herein, a “dominant-negative mutation” refers to a substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more nucleotides of a target gene such that the encoded protein acts antagonistically to the protein encoded by the unmodified target gene. The mutation is dominant-negative because the negative phenotype confers genic dominance over the positive phenotype of the corresponding unmodified gene. A gene comprising one or more dominant-negative mutations and the protein encoded thereby are referred to as a “dominant-negative mutants”, e.g. dominant-negative genes and dominant-negative proteins. In some embodiments, the dominant negative mutant protein is encoded by an exogenous transgene inserted at one or more locations in the genome of the immune effector cell.

Various mechanisms for dominant negativity are known. Typically, the gene product of a dominant negative mutant retains some functions of the unmodified gene product but lacks one or more crucial other functions of the unmodified gene product. This causes the dominant-negative mutant to antagonize the unmodified gene product. For example, as an illustrative embodiment, a dominant-negative mutant of a transcription factor may lack a functional activation domain but retain a functional DNA binding domain. In this example, the dominant-negative transcription factor cannot activate transcription of the DNA as the unmodified transcription factor does, but the dominant-negative transcription factor can indirectly inhibit gene expression by preventing the unmodified transcription factor from binding to the transcription-factor binding site. As another illustrative embodiment, dominant-negative mutations of proteins that function as dimers are known. Dominant-negative mutants of such dimeric proteins may retain the ability to dimerize with unmodified protein but be unable to function otherwise. The dominant-negative monomers, by dimerizing with unmodified monomers to form heterodimers, prevent formation of functional homodimers of the unmodified monomers.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression or function of one or more endogenous target genes. The gene-regulating system can reduce the expression and/or function of the endogenous target genes modifications by a variety of mechanisms including by modifying the genomic DNA sequence of the endogenous target gene (e.g., by insertion, deletion, or mutation of one or more nucleic acids in the genomic DNA sequence); by regulating transcription of the endogenous target gene (e.g., inhibition or repression of mRNA transcription); and/or by regulating translation of the endogenous target gene (e.g., by mRNA degradation).

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein comprise a gene-regulating system (e.g., a nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system, a protein-based gene-regulating system, or a combination protein/nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system). In such embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprised in the modified immune effector cell is capable of modifying one or more endogenous target genes. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein comprise a gene-regulating system comprising:

(a) one or more nucleic acid molecules capable of reducing the expression or modifying the function of a gene product encoded by one or more endogenous target genes;

(b) one or more polynucleotides encoding a nucleic acid molecule that is capable of reducing the expression or modifying the function of a gene product encoded by one or more endogenous target genes;

(c) one or more proteins capable of reducing the expression or modifying the function of a gene product encoded by one or more endogenous target genes;

(d) one or more polynucleotides encoding a protein that is capable of reducing the expression or modifying the function of a gene product encoded by one or more endogenous target genes;

(e) one or more guide RNAs (gRNAs) capable of binding to a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(f) one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more gRNAs capable of binding to a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(g) one or more site-directed modifying polypeptides capable of interacting with a gRNA and modifying a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(h) one or more polynucleotides encoding a site-directed modifying polypeptide capable of interacting with a gRNA and modifying a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(i) one or more guide DNAs (gDNAs) capable of binding to a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(j) one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more gDNAs capable of binding to a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(k) one or more site-directed modifying polypeptides capable of interacting with a gDNA and modifying a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(l) one or more polynucleotides encoding a site-directed modifying polypeptide capable of interacting with a gDNA and modifying a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(m) one or more gRNAs capable of binding to a target mRNA sequence encoded by an endogenous gene;

(n) one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more gRNAs capable of binding to a target mRNA sequence encoded by an endogenous gene;

(o) one or more site-directed modifying polypeptides capable of interacting with a gRNA and modifying a target mRNA sequence encoded by an endogenous gene;

(p) one or more polynucleotides encoding a site-directed modifying polypeptide capable of interacting with a gRNA and modifying a target mRNA sequence encoded by an endogenous gene; or

(q) any combination of the above.

In some embodiments, one or more polynucleotides encoding the gene-regulating system are inserted into the genome of the immune effector cell. In some embodiments, one or more polynucleotides encoding the gene-regulating system are expressed episomaly and are not inserted into the genome of the immune effector cell.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of one or more endogenous target genes and further comprise one or more exogenous transgenes inserted at one or more genomic loci (e.g., a genetic “knock-in”). In some embodiments, the one or more exogenous transgenes encode detectable tags, safety-switch systems, chimeric switch receptors, and/or engineered antigen-specific receptors.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein further comprise an exogenous transgene encoding a detectable tag. Examples of detectable tags include but are not limited to, FLAG tags, poly-histidine tags (e.g. 6×His), SNAP tags, Halo tags, cMyc tags, glutathione-S-transferase tags, avidin, enzymes, fluorescent proteins, luminescent proteins, chemiluminescent proteins, bioluminescent proteins, and phosphorescent proteins. In some embodiments the fluorescent protein is selected from the group consisting of blue/UV proteins (such as BFP, TagBFP, mTagBFP2, Azurite, EBFP2, mKalama1, Sirius, Sapphire, and T-Sapphire); cyan proteins (such as CFP, eCFP, Cerulean, SCFP3A, mTurquoise, mTurquoise2, monomeric Midoriishi-Cyan, TagCFP, and mTFP1); green proteins (such as: GFP, eGFP, meGFP (A208K mutation), Emerald, Superfolder GFP, Monomeric Azami Green, TagGFP2, mUKG, mWasabi, Clover, and mNeonGreen); yellow proteins (such as YFP, eYFP, Citrine, Venus, SYFP2, and TagYFP); orange proteins (such as Monomeric Kusabira-Orange, mKOK, mKO2, mOrange, and mOrange2); red proteins (such as RFP, mRaspberry, mCherry, mStrawberry, mTangerine, tdTomato, TagRFP, TagRFP-T, mApple, mRuby, and mRuby2); far-red proteins (such as mPlum, HcRed-Tandem, mKate2, mNeptune, and NirFP); near-infrared proteins (such as TagRFP657, IFP1.4, and iRFP); long stokes shift proteins (such as mKeima Red, LSS-mKate1, LSS-mKate2, and mBeRFP); photoactivatible proteins (such as PA-GFP, PAmCherry1, and PATagRFP); photoconvertible proteins (such as Kaede (green), Kaede (red), KikGR1 (green), KikGR1 (red), PS-CFP2, PS-CFP2, mEos2 (green), mEos2 (red), mEos3.2 (green), mEos3.2 (red), PSmOrange, and PSmOrange); and photoswitchable proteins (such as Dronpa). In some embodiments, the detectable tag can be selected from AmCyan, AsRed, DsRed2, DsRed Express, E2-Crimson, HcRed, ZsGreen, ZsYellow, mCherry, mStrawberry, mOrange, mBanana, mPlum, mRasberry, tdTomato, DsRed Monomer, and/or AcGFP, all of which are available from Clontech.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein further comprise an exogenous transgene encoding a safety-switch system. Safety-switch systems (also referred to in the art as suicide gene systems) comprise exogenous transgenes encoding for one or more proteins that enable the elimination of a modified immune effector cell after the cell has been administered to a subject. Examples of safety-switch systems are known in the art. For example, safety-switch systems include genes encoding for proteins that convert non-toxic pro-drugs into toxic compounds such as the Herpes simplex thymidine kinase (Hsv-tk) and ganciclovir (GCV) system (Hsv-tk/GCV). Hsv-tk converts non-toxic GCV into a cytotoxic compound that leads to cellular apoptosis. As such, administration of GCV to a subject that has been treated with modified immune effector cells comprising a transgene encoding the Hsv-tk protein can selectively eliminate the modified immune effector cells while sparing endogenous immune effector cells. (See e.g., Bonini et al., Science, 1997, 276(5319):1719-1724; Ciceri et al., Blood, 2007, 109(11):1828-1836; Bondanza et al., Blood 2006, 107(5):1828-1836).

Additional safety-switch systems include genes encoding for cell-surface markers, enabling elimination of modified immune effector cells by administration of a monoclonal antibody specific for the cell-surface marker via ADCC. In some embodiments, the cell-surface marker is CD20 and the modified immune effector cells can be eliminated by administration of an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody such as Rituximab (See e.g., Introna et al., Hum Gene Ther, 2000, 11(4):611-620; Serafini et al., Hum Gene Ther, 2004, 14, 63-76; van Meerten et al., Gene Ther, 2006, 13, 789-797). Similar systems using EGF-R and Cetuximab or Panitumumab are described in International PCT Publication No. WO 2018006880. Additional safety-switch systems include transgenes encoding pro-apoptotic molecules comprising one or more binding sites for a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID), enabling elimination of modified immune effector cells by administration of a CID which induces oligomerization of the pro-apoptotic molecules and activation of the apoptosis pathway. In some embodiments, the pro-apoptotic molecule is Fas (also known as CD95) (Thomis et al., Blood, 2001, 97(5), 1249-1257). In some embodiments, the pro-apoptotic molecule is caspase-9 (Straathof et al., Blood, 2005, 105(11), 4247-4254).

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein further comprise an exogenous transgene encoding a chimeric switch receptor. Chimeric switch receptors are engineered cell-surface receptors comprising an extracellular domain from an endogenous cell-surface receptor and a heterologous intracellular signaling domain, such that ligand recognition by the extracellular domain results in activation of a different signaling cascade than that activated by the wild type form of the cell-surface receptor. In some embodiments, the chimeric switch receptor comprises the extracellular domain of an inhibitory cell-surface receptor fused to an intracellular domain that leads to the transmission of an activating signal rather than the inhibitory signal normally transduced by the inhibitory cell-surface receptor. In particular embodiments, extracellular domains derived from cell-surface receptors known to inhibit immune effector cell activation can be fused to activating intracellular domains. Engagement of the corresponding ligand will then activate signaling cascades that increase, rather than inhibit, the activation of the immune effector cell. For example, in some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein comprise a transgene encoding a PD1-CD28 switch receptor, wherein the extracellular domain of PD1 is fused to the intracellular signaling domain of CD28 (See e.g., Liu et al., Cancer Res 76:6 (2016), 1578-1590 and Moon et al., Molecular Therapy 22 (2014), S201). In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein comprise a transgene encoding the extracellular domain of CD200R and the intracellular signaling domain of CD28 (See Oda et al., Blood 130:22 (2017), 2410-2419).

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein further comprise an engineered antigen-specific receptor recognizing a protein target expressed by a target cell, such as a tumor cell or an antigen presenting cell (APC), referred to herein as “modified receptor-engineered cells” or “modified RE-cells”. The term “engineered antigen receptor” refers to a non-naturally occurring antigen-specific receptor such as a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or a recombinant T cell receptor (TCR). In some embodiments, the engineered antigen receptor is a CAR comprising an extracellular antigen binding domain fused via hinge and transmembrane domains to a cytoplasmic domain comprising a signaling domain. In some embodiments, the CAR extracellular domain binds to an antigen expressed by a target cell in an MHC-independent manner leading to activation and proliferation of the RE cell. In some embodiments, the extracellular domain of a CAR recognizes a tag fused to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In such embodiments, the antigen-specificity of the CAR is dependent on the antigen-specificity of the labeled antibody, such that a single CAR construct can be used to target multiple different antigens by substituting one antibody for another (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,233,125 and 9,624,279; US Patent Application Publication Nos. 20150238631 and 20180104354). In some embodiments, the extracellular domain of a CAR may comprise an antigen binding fragment derived from an antibody. Antigen binding domains that are useful in the present disclosure include, for example, scFvs; antibodies; antigen binding regions of antibodies; variable regions of the heavy/light chains; and single chain antibodies.

In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of a CAR may be derived from the TCR complex zeta chain (such as CD3 signaling domains), FcγRIII, FcεRI, or the T-lymphocyte activation domain. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of a CAR further comprises a costimulatory domain, for example a 4-1BB, CD28, CD40, MyD88, or CD70 domain. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of a CAR comprises two costimulatory domains, for example any two of 4-1BB, CD28, CD40, MyD88, or CD70 domains. Exemplary CAR structures and intracellular signaling domains are known in the art (See e.g., WO 2009/091826; US 20130287748; WO 2015/142675; WO 2014/055657; and WO 2015/090229, incorporated herein by reference).

CARs specific for a variety of tumor antigens are known in the art, for example CD171-specific CARs (Park et al., Mol Ther (2007) 15(4):825-833), EGFRvIII-specific CARs (Morgan et al., Hum Gene Ther (2012) 23(10):1043-1053), EGF-R-specific CARs (Kobold et al., J Natl Cancer Inst (2014) 107(1):364), carbonic anhydrase K-specific CARs (Lamers et al., Biochem Soc Trans (2016) 44(3):951-959), FR-a-specific CARs (Kershaw et al., Clin Cancer Res (2006) 12(20):6106-6015), HER2-specific CARs (Ahmed et al., J Clin Oncol (2015) 33(15)1688-1696; Nakazawa et al., Mol Ther (2011) 19(12):2133-2143; Ahmed et al., Mol Ther (2009) 17(10):1779-1787; Luo et al., Cell Res (2016) 26(7):850-853; Morgan et al., Mol Ther (2010) 18(4):843-851; Grada et al., Mol Ther Nucleic Acids (2013) 9(2):32), CEA-specific CARs (Katz et al., Clin Cancer Res (2015) 21(14):3149-3159), IL13Ra2-specific CARs (Brown et al., Clin Cancer Res (2015) 21(18):4062-4072), GD2-specific CARs (Louis et al., Blood (2011) 118(23):6050-6056; Caruana et al., Nat Med (2015) 21(5):524-529), ErbB2-specific CARs (Wilkie et al., J Clin Immunol (2012) 32(5):1059-1070), VEGF-R-specific CARs (Chinnasamy et al., Cancer Res (2016) 22(2):436-447), FAP-specific CARs (Wang et al., Cancer Immunol Res (2014) 2(2):154-166), MSLN-specific CARs (Moon et al, Clin Cancer Res (2011) 17(14):4719-30), NKG2D-specific CARs (VanSeggelen et al., Mol Ther (2015) 23(10):1600-1610), CD19-specific CARs (Axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta®) and Tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah®). See also, Li et al., J Hematol and Oncol (2018) 11(22), reviewing clinical trials of tumor-specific CARs.

In some embodiments, the engineered antigen receptor is an engineered TCR. Engineered TCRs comprise TCRα and/or TCRβ chains that have been isolated and cloned from T cell populations recognizing a particular target antigen. For example, TCRα and/or TCRβ genes (i.e., TRAC and TRBC) can be cloned from T cell populations isolated from individuals with particular malignancies or T cell populations that have been isolated from humanized mice immunized with specific tumor antigens or tumor cells. Engineered TCRs recognize antigen through the same mechanisms as their endogenous counterparts (e.g., by recognition of their cognate antigen presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins expressed on the surface of a target cell). This antigen engagement stimulates endogenous signal transduction pathways leading to activation and proliferation of the TCR-engineered cells.

Engineered TCRs specific for tumor antigens are known in the art, for example WT1-specific TCRs (JTCR016, Juno Therapeutics; WT1-TCRc4, described in US Patent Application Publication No. 20160083449), MART-1 specific TCRs (including the DMF4T clone, described in Morgan et al., Science 314 (2006) 126-129); the DMF5T clone, described in Johnson et al., Blood 114 (2009) 535-546); and the ID3T clone, described in van den Berg et al., Mol. Ther. 23 (2015) 1541-1550), gp100-specific TCRs (Johnson et al., Blood 114 (2009) 535-546), CEA-specific TCRs (Parkhurst et al., Mol Ther. 19 (2011) 620-626), NY-ESO and LAGE-1 specific TCRs (1G4T clone, described in Robbins et al., J Clin Oncol 26 (2011) 917-924; Robbins et al., Clin Cancer Res 21 (2015) 1019-1027; and Rapoport et al., Nature Medicine 21 (2015) 914-921), and MAGE-A3-specific TCRs (Morgan et al., J Immunother 36 (2013) 133-151) and Linette et al., Blood 122 (2013) 227-242). (See also, Debets et al., Seminars in Immunology 23 (2016) 10-21).

In some embodiments, the engineered antigen receptor is directed against a target antigen selected from a cluster of differentiation molecule, such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD24, CD25, CD33, CD34, CD45, CD64, CD71, CD78, CD80 (also known as B7-1), CD86 (also known as B7-2), CD96, CD116, CD117, CD123, CD133, and CD138, CD371 (also known as CLL1); a tumor-associated surface antigen, such as 5T4, BCMA (also known as CD269 and TNFRSF17, UniProt #Q02223), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX or MN/CAIX), CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD40, disialogangliosides such as GD2, ELF2M, ductal-epithelial mucin, ephrin B2, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), ErbB2 (HER2/neu), FCRLS (UniProt #Q68SN8), FKBP11 (UniProt #Q9NYL4), glioma-associated antigen, glycosphingolipids, gp36, GPRCSD (UniProt #Q9NZD1), mut hsp70-2, intestinal carboxyl esterase, IGF-I receptor, ITGA8 (UniProt #P53708), KAMP3, LAGE-la, MAGE, mesothelin, neutrophil elastase, NKG2D, Nkp30, NY-ESO-1, PAP, prostase, prostate-carcinoma tumor antigen-1 (PCTA-1), prostate specific antigen (PSA), PSMA, prostein, RAGE-1, ROR1, RU1 (SFMBT1), RU2 (DCDC2), SLAMF7 (UniProt #Q9NQ25), survivin, TAG-72, and telomerase; a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule presenting a tumor-specific peptide epitope; tumor stromal antigens, such as the extra domain A (EDA) and extra domain B (EDB) of fibronectin; the A1 domain of tenascin-C (TnC A1) and fibroblast associated protein (FAP); cytokine receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII), TFGβ-R or components thereof such as endoglin; a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule; a virus-specific surface antigen such as an HIV-specific antigen (such as HIV gp120); an EBV-specific antigen, a CMV-specific antigen, a HPV-specific antigen, a Lassa virus-specific antigen, an Influenza virus-specific antigen as well as any derivate or variant of these surface antigens.

A. Effector Functions

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein demonstrate an increase in one or more immune cell effector functions. Herein, the term “effector function” refers to functions of an immune cell related to the generation, maintenance, and/or enhancement of an immune response against a target cell or target antigen. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein demonstrate one or more of the following characteristics compared to an unmodified immune effector cell: increased infiltration or migration in to a tumor, increased proliferation, increased or prolonged cell viability, increased resistance to inhibitory factors in the surrounding microenvironment such that the activation state of the cell is prolonged or increased, increased production of pro-inflammatory immune factors (e.g., pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and/or enzymes), increased cytotoxicity, and/or increased resistance to exhaustion.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein demonstrate increased infiltration into a tumor compared to an unmodified immune effector cell. In some embodiments, increased tumor infiltration by modified immune effector cells refers to an increase the number of modified immune effector cells infiltrating into a tumor during a given period of time compared to the number of unmodified immune effector cells that infiltrate into a tumor during the same period of time. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells demonstrate a 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or more fold increase in tumor filtration compared to an unmodified immune cell. Tumor infiltration can be measured by isolating one or more tumors from a subject and assessing the number of modified immune cells in the sample by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and/or immunofluorescence.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein demonstrate an increase in cell proliferation compared to an unmodified immune effector cell. In these embodiments, the result is an increase in the number of modified immune effector cells present compared to unmodified immune effector cells after a given period of time. For example, in some embodiments, modified immune effector cells demonstrate increased rates of proliferation compared to unmodified immune effector cells, wherein the modified immune effector cells divide at a more rapid rate than unmodified immune effector cells. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells demonstrate a 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or more fold increase in the rate of proliferation compared to an unmodified immune cell. In some embodiments, modified immune effector cells demonstrate prolonged periods of proliferation compared to unmodified immune effector cells, wherein the modified immune effector cells and unmodified immune effector cells divide at similar rates, but wherein the modified immune effector cells maintain the proliferative state for a longer period of time. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells maintain a proliferative state for 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or more times longer than an unmodified immune cell.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein demonstrate increased or prolonged cell viability compared to an unmodified immune effector cell. In such embodiments, the result is an increase in the number of modified immune effector cells or present compared to unmodified immune effector cells after a given period of time. For example, in some embodiments, modified immune effector cells described herein remain viable and persist for 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or more times longer than an unmodified immune cell.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein demonstrate increased resistance to inhibitory factors compared to an unmodified immune effector cell. Exemplary inhibitory factors include signaling by immune checkpoint molecules (e.g., PD1, PDL1, CTLA4, LAG3, IDO) and/or inhibitory cytokines (e.g., IL-10, TGFβ).

In some embodiments, the modified T cells described herein demonstrate increased resistance to T cell exhaustion compared to an unmodified T cell. T cell exhaustion is a state of antigen-specific T cell dysfunction characterized by decreased effector function and leading to subsequent deletion of the antigen-specific T cells. In some embodiments, exhausted T cells lack the ability to proliferate in response to antigen, demonstrate decreased cytokine production, and/or demonstrate decreased cytotoxicity against target cells such as tumor cells. In some embodiments, exhausted T cells are identified by altered expression of cell surface markers and transcription factors, such as decreased cell surface expression of CD122 and CD127; increased expression of inhibitory cell surface markers such as PD1, LAGS, CD244, CD160, TIM3, and/or CTLA4; and/or increased expression of transcription factors such as Blimp1, NFAT, and/or BATF. In some embodiments, exhausted T cells demonstrate altered sensitivity to cytokine signaling, such as increased sensitivity to TGFβ signaling and/or decreased sensitivity to IL-7 and IL-15 signaling. T cell exhaustion can be determined, for example, by co-culturing the T cells with a population of target cells and measuring T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and/or lysis of the target cells. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein are co-cultured with a population of target cells (e.g., autologous tumor cells or cell lines that have been engineered to express a target tumor antigen) and effector cell proliferation, cytokine production, and/or target cell lysis is measured. These results are then compared to the results obtained from co-culture of target cells with a control population of immune cells (such as unmodified immune effector cells or immune effector cells that have a control modification).

In some embodiments, resistance to T cell exhaustion is demonstrated by increased production of one or more cytokines (e.g., IFNγ, TNFα, or IL-2) from the modified immune effector cells compared to the cytokine production observed from the control population of immune cells. In some embodiments, a 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more fold increase in cytokine production from the modified immune effector cells compared to the cytokine production from the control population of immune cells is indicative of an increased resistance to T cell exhaustion. In some embodiments, resistance to T cell exhaustion is demonstrated by increased proliferation of the modified immune effector cells compared to the proliferation observed from the control population of immune cells. In some embodiments, a 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more fold increase in proliferation of the modified immune effector cells compared to the proliferation of the control population of immune cells is indicative of an increased resistance to T cell exhaustion. In some embodiments, resistance to T cell exhaustion is demonstrated by increased target cell lysis by the modified immune effector cells compared to the target cell lysis observed by the control population of immune cells. In some embodiments, a 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more fold increase in target cell lysis by the modified immune effector cells compared to the target cell lysis by the control population of immune cells is indicative of an increased resistance to T cell exhaustion.

In some embodiments, exhaustion of the modified immune effector cells compared to control populations of immune cells is measured during the in vitro or ex vivo manufacturing process. For example, in some embodiments, TILs isolated from tumor fragments are modified according to the methods described herein and then expanded in one or more rounds of expansion to produce a population of modified TILs. In such embodiments, the exhaustion of the modified TILs can be determined immediately after harvest and prior to a first round of expansion, after the first round of expansion but prior to a second round of expansion, and/or after the first and the second round of expansion. In some embodiments, exhaustion of the modified immune effector cells compared to control populations of immune cells is measured at one or more time points after transfer of the modified immune effector cells into a subject. For example, in some embodiments, the modified cells are produced according to the methods described herein and administered to a subject. Samples can then be taken from the subject at various time points after the transfer to determine exhaustion of the modified immune effector cells in vivo over time.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein demonstrate increased expression or production of pro-inflammatory immune factors compared to an unmodified immune effector cell. Examples of pro-inflammatory immune factors include cytolytic factors, such as granzyme B, perforin, and granulysin; and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferons (IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ), TNFα, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-2, IL-17, CXCL8, and/or IL-6.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein demonstrate increased cytotoxicity against a target cell compared to an unmodified immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells demonstrate a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or more fold increase in cytotoxicity against a target cell compared to an unmodified immune cell.

Assays for measuring immune effector function are known in the art. For example, tumor infiltration can be measured by isolating tumors from a subject and determining the total number and/or phenotype of the lymphocytes present in the tumor by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and/or immunofluorescence. Cell-surface receptor expression can be determined by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and/or qPCR. Cytokine and chemokine expression and production can be measured by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, ELISA, and/or qPCR. Responsiveness or sensitivity to extracellular stimuli (e.g., cytokines, inhibitory ligands, or antigen) can be measured by assaying cellular proliferation and/or activation of downstream signaling pathways (e.g., phosphorylation of downstream signaling intermediates) in response to the stimuli. Cytotoxicity can be measured by target-cell lysis assays known in the art, including in vitro or ex vivo co-culture of the modified immune effector cells with target cells and in vivo murine tumor models, such as those described throughout the Examples.

B. Regulation of Endogenous Pathways and Genes

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein demonstrate a reduced expression or function of one or more endogenous target genes and/or comprise a gene-regulating system capable of reducing the expression and/or function of one or more endogenous target genes (described infra). In some embodiments, the one or more endogenous target genes are present in pathways related to the activation and regulation of effector cell responses. In such embodiments, the reduced expression or function of the one or more endogenous target genes enhances one or more effector functions of the immune cell.

Exemplary pathways suitable for regulation by the methods described herein are shown in Table 1. In some embodiments, the expression of an endogenous target gene in a particular pathway is reduced in the modified immune effector cells. In some embodiments, the expression of a plurality (e.g., two or more) of endogenous target genes in a particular pathway are reduced in the modified immune effector cells. For example, the expression of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more endogenous target genes in a particular pathway may be reduced. In some embodiments, the expression of an endogenous target gene in one pathway and the expression of an endogenous target genes in another pathway is reduced in the modified immune effector cells. In some embodiments, the expression of a plurality of endogenous target genes in one pathway and the expression of a plurality of endogenous target genes in another pathway are reduced in the modified immune effector cells. For example, the expression of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more endogenous target genes in one pathway may be reduced and the expression of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more endogenous target genes in another particular pathway may be reduced.

In some embodiments, the expression of a plurality of endogenous target genes in a plurality of pathways is reduced. For example, one endogenous gene from each of a plurality of pathways (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more pathways) may be reduced. In additional aspects, a plurality of endogenous genes (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more genes) from each of a plurality of pathways (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more pathways) may be reduced.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Endogenous Pathways Pathway Description Lymphocyte Signaling pathway which controls stem cell differentiation differen- from a common lymphoid progenitor to the distinctive tiation lymphocyte type (T cell, B cell or NK cell) NFκβ Signaling pathway that controls transcription of DNA, signaling cytokine production and cell survival generally in response to harmful cell stimuli. TGF-β Signaling pathway that regulates cell growth, cell signaling differentiation, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. T cell Pathway that is initiated by binding of the T cell receptor activation (TCR) complex to a major histocompatibility complex molecule carrying a peptide antigen and by binding of the co-stimulatory receptor CD28 to proteins in the surface of the antigen presenting cell. Activation of a TCR initiates a signaling pathway which triggers antibody production, activation of phagocytic cells and direct cell killing. T cell Signaling pathway that controls programmed cell death in growth response to either extrinsic signals or intrinsic cellular stresses Pyrimidine A de novo nucleotide biosynthesis pathway for components biosynthesis of RNA and DNA Cytokine Signaling pathways down stream of cytokine receptors, Signaling typically involve positive JAK/STAT signaling Apoptosis Genes that initiate either the intrinsic or extrinsic initiation apoptotic pathway, which drives programed cell death of the cell Transcription Genes that directly bind the promoters of target genes initiation and act as repressors or transcriptional activators of target gene transcription Ca2++ Ca2++ serves as a second messenger in response to binding stimuli and drives intracellular signaling in a number of processes, including inflammation and the immune response. In T cells, Ca2++ signaling is required for the activation of T cells in response to antigen

Exemplary endogenous target genes are shown below in Tables 2 and 3.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of one or more of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR (e.g., one or more endogenous target genes selected from Table 2). In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of one or more of TNFAIP3, CBLB, or BCOR.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of at least two genes selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR (e.g., at least two genes selected from Table 2). For example, in some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of at least two genes selected from Combination Nos. 1-600, as illustrated in FIG. 1A-FIG. 1B. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of BCOR and reduced expression and/or function of CBLB. While exemplary methods for modifying the expression of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and/or BCOR are described herein, the expression of these endogenous target genes may also be modified by methods known in the art. For example, inhibitory antibodies against PD1 (encoded by PDCD1), NRP1, HACR2, LAG3, TIGIT, and CTLA4 are known in the art and some are FDA approved for oncologic indications (e.g., nivolumab and pembrolizumab for PD1).

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of one or more of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 (e.g., one or more endogenous target genes selected from Table 3).

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the Semaphorin 7A, (SEMA7A) gene, also known as CD108. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the SEMA7A gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the RNA-binding protein 39 (RBM39) gene. The RBM39 protein is found in the nucleus, where it colocalizes with core spliceosomal proteins. Studies of a mouse protein with high sequence similarity to this protein suggest that this protein may act as a transcriptional coactivator for JUN/AP-1 and estrogen receptors. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the RBM39 gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11) gene, also commonly called BIM. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the BCL2L11 gene

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor (FLI1) gene, also known as transcription factor ERGB. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the FLI1 gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the Calmodulin 2 (CALM2) gene. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the CALM2 gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase gene (DHODH) gene. The DHODH protein is a mitochondrial protein located on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the ubiquinone-mediated oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the DHODH gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the uridine monophosphate synthase (UMPS) gene, also referred to as orotate phosphoribosyl transferase or orotidine-5′-decarboxylase. The UMPS protein catalyses the formation of uridine monophosphate (UMP), an energy-carrying molecule in many important biosynthetic pathways. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the UMPS gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the cysteine rich hydrophobic domain 2 (CHIC2) gene. The encoded CHIC2 protein contains a cysteine-rich hydrophobic (CHIC) motif, and is localized to vesicular structures and the plasma membrane and is associated with some cases of acute myeloid leukemia. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the CHIC2 gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the Poly(rC)-binding protein 1(PCBP1) gene. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the PCBP1 gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the Protein polybromo-1 (PBRM1) gene, also known as BRG1-associated factor 180 (BAF180). PBRM1 is a component of the SWI/SNF-B chromatin-remodeling complex, and is a tumor suppressor gene in many cancer subtypes. Mutations are especially prevalent in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the PBRM1 gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the WD repeat-containing protein 6 (WDR6) gene, a member of the WD repeat protein family ubiquitously expressed in adult and fetal tissues. WD repeats are minimally conserved regions of approximately 40 amino acids typically bracketed by gly-his and trp-asp (GH-WD), which may facilitate formation of heterotrimeric or multiprotein complexes. Members of this family are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the WDR6 gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the E2F transcription factor 8 (E2F8) gene. The encoded E2F8 protein regulates progression from G1 to S phase by ensuring the nucleus divides at the proper time. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the E2F8 gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the serpin family A member 3 (SERPINA3) gene. SERPINA3 encodes the Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (α1AC, A1AC, or α1ACT) protein, which inhibits the activity of certain proteases, such as cathepsin G and chymases. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the SERPINA3 gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the GNAS complex locus (GNAS) gene. It is the stimulatory G-protein alpha subunit (Gs-α), a key component of many signal transduction pathways. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the GNAS gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the ZC3H12A gene. Zc3h12a, also referred to as MCPIP1 and Regnase-1, is a RNase that possesses a RNase domain just upstream of a CCCH-type zinc-finger motif. Through its nuclease activity, Zc3h12a targets and destabilizes the mRNAs of transcripts, such as IL-6, by binding a conserved stem loop structure within the 3′ UTR of these genes. In T cells, Zc3h12a controls the transcript levels of a number of pro-inflammatory genes, including c-Rel, Ox40, and IL-2. In monocytes, Zc3h12a downregulates IL-6 and IL-12B mRNAs, thus mitigating inflammation. In cancer cells, Zc3h12a promotes apoptosis by inhibiting anti-apoptotic genes including Bcl2L1, Bcl2A1, RelB and Bcl3. Zc3h12a activation is transient and is subject to negative feedback mechanisms including proteasome-mediated degradation or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) mediated cleavage. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the ZC3H12A gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the MAP4K1 gene. MAP4K1, also referred to as HPK1, is a member of the MAP4K family of mammalian Ste20-related protein kinases and is a protein serine-threonine kinase predominantly expressed in hematopoietic organs. The MAP4K1 protein comprises an N-terminal kinase domain followed by four proline-rich motifs capable of binding to proteins containing Src homology 3 domains. Upon phosphorylation by kinases such as Lck and Zap70 and in the presence of ATP, MAP4K1 possesses catalytic activity and mediates autophosphorylation as well as phosphorylation of downstream substrate proteins such as SLP-76 and MAP3K proteins. Phosphorylation of SLP-76 at Ser-376 leads to both the ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation of SLP-76 as well as increased interactions between SLP-76 and 14-3-3τ, which negatively regulates TCR signaling. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the MAP4K1 gene.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise reduced expression and/or function of the NR4A3 gene. NR4A3 is an inducible orphan receptor and member of the steroid-thyroid hormone-retinoid receptor superfamily, and is a transcriptional activator. When expression is induced by various stimuli, NR4A3 drives gene expression in a ligand-independent way by translocating from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and binding to NR4A1 response elements (NBRE) as monomers and Nur response elements (NurRE) as homodimers. NR4A3 then drives the transcription of discrete sets of genes controlling cellular survival and differentiation both within and outside the immune system. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells described herein comprise an inactivating mutation in the NR4A3 gene.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of at least two genes selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 (e.g., two or more genes selected from Table 3). For example, in some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of at least two genes selected from Combination Nos. 1176-1681, as illustrated in FIG. 3A-FIG. 3B. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of at least two genes selected from Combination Nos. 1176-1483, as illustrated in FIG. 3A. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of at least two genes selected from Combination Nos. 1250-1265, as illustrated in FIG. 3B. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of at least two genes selected from Combination Nos. 1266-1281, as illustrated in FIG. 3B. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of at least two genes selected from Combination Nos. 1282-1297, as illustrated in FIG. 3B.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of one or more of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 (e.g., one or more gene selected from Table 3) and one or more of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR (e.g., one or more gene selected from Table 2). For example, the modified immune effector cells may comprise reduced expression and/or function of a combination of an endogenous target genes selected from Combination Nos. 601-1025. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells may comprise reduced expression and/or function of a combination of two endogenous target genes selected from Combination Nos. 601-950 (as illustrated in FIG. 2A). In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells may comprise reduced expression and/or function of a combination of two endogenous target genes selected from Combination Nos. 951-975 (as illustrated in FIG. 2B). In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells may comprise reduced expression and/or function of a combination of two endogenous target genes selected from Combination Nos. 976-1000 (as illustrated in FIG. 2B). In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells may comprise reduced expression and/or function of a combination of two endogenous target genes selected from Combination Nos. 1001-1025 (as illustrated in FIG. 2B).

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of at least one gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and reduced expression and/or function of at least one gene selected from TNFAIP3, CBLB, or BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of ZC3H12A and at least one gene selected from TNFAIP3, CBLB, or BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise inactivating mutations in ZC3H12A and at least one gene selected from TNFAIP3, CBLB, or BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of MAP4K1 and at least one gene selected from TNFAIP3, CBLB, or BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise inactivating mutations in MAP4K1 and at least one gene selected from TNFAIP3, CBLB, or BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of NR4A3 and at least one gene selected from TNFAIP3, CBLB, or BCOR. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise inactivating mutations in NR4A3 and at least one gene selected from TNFAIP3, CBLB, or BCOR.

In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of at least one gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 and reduced expression and/or function of CBLB. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of at least one gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS and reduced expression and/or function of CBLB. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of ZC3H12A and CBLB. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise inactivating mutations in ZC3H12A and CBLB. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of MAP4K1 and CBLB. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise inactivating mutations in MAP4K1 and CBLB. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of NR4A3 and CBLB. In some embodiments, the modified effector cells comprise inactivating mutations in NR4A3 and CBLB.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of a gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR (e.g., one or more gene selected from Table 2) and reduced expression and/or function of two genes selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 (e.g., one or more gene selected from Table 3). For example, in some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprises reduced expression and/or function of a gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, and BCOR in addition to reduced expression and/or function of two endogenous target gene combinations selected from Combination Nos. 1026-1297 (as illustrated in FIG. 3A-FIG. 3B).

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of a gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 (e.g., a gene selected from Table 3) and reduced expression and/or function of two genes selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR (e.g., one or more gene selected from Table 2). For example, in some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of any one of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 in addition to reduced expression and/or function of two endogenous target gene combinations selected from Combination Nos. 1-600 illustrated in FIG. 1A-FIG. 1B. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of a gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS in addition to reduced expression and/or function of two endogenous target gene combinations selected from Combination Nos. 1-600 illustrated in FIG. 1A-FIG. 1B. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of ZC3H12A in addition to reduced expression and/or function of two endogenous target gene combinations selected from Combination Nos. 1-600 illustrated in FIG. 1A-FIG. 1B. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of MAP4K1 in addition to reduced expression and/or function of two endogenous target gene combinations selected from Combination Nos. 1-600 illustrated in FIG. 1A-FIG. 1B. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of NR4A3 in addition to reduced expression and/or function of two endogenous target gene combinations selected from Combination Nos. 1-600 illustrated in FIG. 1A-FIG. 1B.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of a plurality of genes selected from Table 2 and reduced expression and/or function of a plurality of genes selected from Table 3. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of two genes selected from Table 2 and reduced expression and/or function of two genes selected from Table 3. For example, in some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells comprise reduced expression and/or function of a combination of two genes selected from Combination Nos. 1026-1297 as shown in FIG. 3A-FIG. 3B and a combination of two genes selected from Combination Nos. 1-600 as shown in FIG. 1A-FIG. 1B. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells may comprise reduced expression and/or function of three or more of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and reduced expression and/or function of three or more of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3.

TABLE 2 Exemplary Endogenous Genes Human Murine Gene UniProt Human UniProt Murine Symbol Gene Name Ref. NCBI ID Ref. NCBI ID IKZF1 IKAROS family zinc Q13422 10320 Q03267 22778 finger 1 IKZF2 IKAROS family zinc Q9UKS7 22807 P81183 22779 finger 2 IKZF3 IKAROS family zinc Q9UKT9 22806 O08900 22780 finger 3 NFKBIA NFKB inhibitor P25963 4792 Q9Z1E3 18035 alpha BCL3 B cell P20749 602 Q9Z2F6 12051 CLL/lymphoma 3 TNIP1 TNFAIP3 interacting Q15025 10318 Q9WUU8 57783 protein 1 TNFAIP3 TNF alpha induced P21580 7128 Q60769 21929 protein 3 SMAD2 SMAD family Q15796 4087 Q919P9 17126 member 2 TGFBR1 transforming growth P36897 7046 Q64729 21812 factor beta receptor 1 TGFBR2 transforming growth P37173 7048 Q623212 21813 factor beta receptor 2 TANK TRAF family Q92844 10010 P70347 21353 member associated NFKB activator FOXP3 forkhead box P3 Q9BZS1 50943 Q99JB6 20371 CBLB Cbl proto-oncogene Q13191 868 Q3TTA7 208650 B PPP2R2D protein phosphatase 2 Q66LE6 55844 Q7ZX64 52432 regulatory subunit Bdelta NRP1 neuropilin 1 Q14786 8829 P97333 18186 HAVCR2 hepatitis A virus Q8TDQ0 84868 Q8VIM0 171285 cellular receptor 2 LAG3 lymphocyte P18627 3902 Q61790 16768 activating 3 TIGIT T cell Q495A1 201633 P86176 100043314 immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains CTLA4 cytotoxic T- P16410 1493 P09793 12477 lymphocyte associated protein 4 PTPN6 protein tyrosine P29350 5777 P29351 15170 phosphatase, non- receptor type 6 BCOR BCL6 corepressor Q6W2J9 54880 Q8CGN4 71458 GATA3 GATA binding P23771 2625 P23772 14462 protein 3 PDCD1 Programmed cell Q15116 5133 Q02242 18566 death 1 protein RC3H1 Ring finger and Q5TC82 149041 Q4VGL6 381305 CCCH-type domains 1 TRAF6 TNF receptor Q9Y4K3 7186 P70196 22034 associated factor 6

TABLE 3 Exemplary Genes for Novel Regulation Human Murine Gene UniProt Human UniProt Murine Symbol Gene Name Ref. NCBI ID Ref. NCBI ID SEMA7A semaphorin 7A O75326 8482 Q9QUR8 20361 RBM39 RNA binding motif protein Q14498 9584 Q8VH51 170791 39 BCL2L11 BCL2 like 11 O43521 10018 O54918 12125 FLI1 Fli-1 proto-oncogene, ETS Q01543 2313 P26323 14247 transcription factor CALM2 calmodulin 2 P0P24 805 P0DP30 12314 DHODH dihydroorotate Q02127 1723 O35435 56749 dehydrogenase (quinone) UMPS uridine monophosphate P11172 7372 P13439 22247 synthetase CHIC2 cysteine rich hydrophobic Q9UKJ5 26511 Q9D9G3 74277 domain 2 PCBP1 poly(rC) binding protein 1 Q15365 5093 P60335 23983 PBRM1 polybromo 1 Q86U86 55193 Q8BSQ9 66923 WDR6 WD repeat domain 6 Q9NNW5 11180 Q99ME2 83669 E2F8 E2F transcription factor 8 A0AVK6 79733 Q58FA4 108961 SERPINA3 serpin family A member 3 P01011 12 GNAS guanine nucleotide binding Q5JWF2 2778 Q6R0H7 14683 protein, alpha stimulating ZC3H12A Endoribonuclease Q5D1E8 80149 Q5D1E7 230738 ZC3H12A MAP4K1 mitogen-activated protein Q92918 11184 P70218 26411 kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 NR4A3 Nuclear receptor subfamily Q92570 8013 Q9QZB6 18124 4 group A member 3

III. Gene-Regulating Systems

Herein, the term “gene-regulating system” refers to a protein, nucleic acid, or combination thereof that is capable of modifying an endogenous target DNA sequence when introduced into a cell, thereby regulating the expression or function of the encoded gene product. Numerous gene editing systems suitable for use in the methods of the present disclosure are known in the art including, but not limited to, shRNAs, siRNAs, zinc-finger nuclease systems, TALEN systems, and CRISPR/Cas systems.

As used herein, “regulate,” when used in reference to the effect of a gene-regulating system on an endogenous target gene encompasses any change in the sequence of the endogenous target gene, any change in the epigenetic state of the endogenous target gene, and/or any change in the expression or function of the protein encoded by the endogenous target gene.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system may mediate a change in the sequence of the endogenous target gene, for example, by introducing one or more mutations into the endogenous target sequence, such as by insertion or deletion of one or more nucleic acids in the endogenous target sequence. Exemplary mechanisms that can mediate alterations of the endogenous target sequence include, but are not limited to, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (e.g., classical or alternative), microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), homology-directed repair (e.g., endogenous donor template mediated), SDSA (synthesis dependent strand annealing), single strand annealing or single strand invasion.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system may mediate a change in the epigenetic state of the endogenous target sequence. For example, in some embodiments, the gene-regulating system may mediate covalent modifications of the endogenous target gene DNA (e.g., cytosine methylation and hydroxymethylation) or of associated histone proteins (e.g. lysine acetylation, lysine and arginine methylation, serine and threonine phosphorylation, and lysine ubiquitination and sumoylation).

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system may mediate a change in the expression of the protein encoded by the endogenous target gene. In such embodiments, the gene-regulating system may regulate the expression of the encoded protein by modifications of the endogenous target DNA sequence, or by acting on the mRNA product encoded by the DNA sequence. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system may result in the expression of a modified endogenous protein. In such embodiments, the modifications to the endogenous DNA sequence mediated by the gene-regulating system result in the expression of an endogenous protein demonstrating a reduced function as compared to the corresponding endogenous protein in an unmodified immune effector cell. In such embodiments, the expression level of the modified endogenous protein may be increased, decreased or may be the same, or substantially similar to, the expression level of the corresponding endogenous protein in an unmodified immune cell.

A. Nucleic Acid-Based Gene-Regulating Systems

As used herein, a nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system is a system comprising one or more nucleic acid molecules that is capable of regulating the expression of an endogenous target gene without the requirement for an exogenous protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises an RNA interference molecule or antisense RNA molecule that is complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence.

An “antisense RNA molecule” refers to an RNA molecule, regardless of length, that is complementary to an mRNA transcript. Antisense RNA molecules refer to single stranded RNA molecules that can be introduced to a cell, tissue, or subject and result in decreased expression of an endogenous target gene product through mechanisms that do not rely on endogenous gene silencing pathways, but rather rely on RNaseH-mediated degradation of the target mRNA transcript. In some embodiments, an antisense nucleic acid comprises a modified backbone, for example, phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or others known in the art, or may comprise non-natural internucleoside linkages. In some embodiments, an antisense nucleic acid can comprise locked nucleic acids (LNA).

“RNA interference molecule” as used herein refers to an RNA polynucleotide that mediates the decreased the expression of an endogenous target gene product by degradation of a target mRNA through endogenous gene silencing pathways (e.g., Dicer and RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)). Exemplary RNA interference agents include micro RNAs (also referred to herein as “miRNAs”), short hair-pin RNAs (shRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), RNA aptamers, and morpholinos.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises one or more miRNAs. miRNAs refers to naturally occurring, small non-coding RNA molecules of about 21-25 nucleotides in length. miRNAs are at least partially complementary to one or more target mRNA molecules. miRNAs can downregulate (e.g., decrease) expression of an endogenous target gene product through translational repression, cleavage of the mRNA, and/or deadenylation.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises one or more shRNAs. shRNAs are single stranded RNA molecules of about 50-70 nucleotides in length that form stem-loop structures and result in degradation of complementary mRNA sequences. shRNAs can be cloned in plasmids or in non-replicating recombinant viral vectors to be introduced intracellularly and result in the integration of the shRNA-encoding sequence into the genome. As such, an shRNA can provide stable and consistent repression of endogenous target gene translation and expression.

In some embodiments, nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises one or more siRNAs. siRNAs refer to double stranded RNA molecules typically about 21-23 nucleotides in length. The siRNA associates with a multi protein complex called the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), during which the “passenger” sense strand is enzymatically cleaved. The antisense “guide” strand contained in the activated RISC then guides the RISC to the corresponding mRNA because of sequence homology and the same nuclease cuts the target mRNA, resulting in specific gene silencing. Optimally, an siRNA is 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 nucleotides in length and has a 2 base overhang at its 3′ end. siRNAs can be introduced to an individual cell and/or culture system and result in the degradation of target mRNA sequences. siRNAs and shRNAs are further described in Fire et al., Nature, 391:19, 1998 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,732,417; 8,202,846; and 8,383,599.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises one or more morpholinos. “Morpholino” as used herein refers to a modified nucleic acid oligomer wherein standard nucleic acid bases are bound to morpholine rings and are linked through phosphorodiamidate linkages. Similar to siRNA and shRNA, morpholinos bind to complementary mRNA sequences. However, morpholinos function through steric-inhibition of mRNA translation and alteration of mRNA splicing rather than targeting complementary mRNA sequences for degradation.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA encoded by a DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR (i.e., those listed in Table 2). In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B. Throughout this application, the referenced genomic coordinates are based on genomic annotations in the GRCh38 (also referred to as hg38) assembly of the human genome from the Genome Reference Consortium, available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information website. Tools and methods for converting genomic coordinates between one assembly and another are known in the art and can be used to convert the genomic coordinates provided herein to the corresponding coordinates in another assembly of the human genome, including conversion to an earlier assembly generated by the same institution or using the same algorithm (e.g., from GRCh38 to GRCh37), and conversion an assembly generated by a different institution or algorithm (e.g., from GRCh38 to NCBI33, generated by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium). Available methods and tools known in the art include, but are not limited to, NCBI Genome Remapping Service, available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information website, UCSC LiftOver, available at the UCSC Genome Brower website, and Assembly Converter, available at the Ensembl.org website.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of CBLB, and comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of BCOR, and comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 708-772 or SEQ ID NOs: 708-764. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of TNFAIP3, and comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 348-396 or SEQ ID NOs: 348-386. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA molecule or an shRNA molecule selected from those known in the art, such as the siRNA and shRNA constructs available from commercial suppliers such as Sigma Aldrich, Dharmacon, ThermoFisher, and the like.

In some embodiments, the endogenous target gene is CBLB and the nucleic acid molecule is an shRNA encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 41-44 (See International PCT Publication No. 2018156886) or selected from SEQ ID NOs: 45-53 (See International PCT Publication No. WO 2017120998). In some embodiments, the endogenous target gene is CBLB and the nucleic acid molecule is an siRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 54-63 (See International PCT Publication No. WO 2018006880) or SEQ ID NOs: 64-73 (See International PCT Publication Nos. WO 2018120998 and WO 2018137293).

In some embodiments, the endogenous target gene is TNFAIP3 and the nucleic acid molecule is an shRNA encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 74-95 (See U.S. Pat. No. 8,324,369). In some embodiments, the endogenous target gene is TNFAIP3 and the nucleic acid molecule is an siRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 96-105 (See International PCT Publication No. WO 2018006880).

In some embodiments, the endogenous target gene is CTLA4 and the nucleic acid molecule is an shRNA encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 128-133 (See International PCT Publication No. Nos. WO 2017120996). In some embodiments, the endogenous target gene is CTLA4 and the nucleic acid molecule is an siRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 134-143 (See International PCT Publication Nos. WO2017120996, WO 2017120998, WO 2018137295, and WO 2018137293) or SEQ ID NOs: 144-153 (See International PCT Publication No. WO 2018006880).

In some embodiments, the endogenous target gene is PDCD1 and the nucleic acid molecule is an shRNA encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 106-107 (See International PCT Publication Nos. WO 2017120996). In some embodiments, the endogenous target gene is PDCD1 and the nucleic acid molecule is an siRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 108-117 (See International PCT Publication Nos. WO2017120996, WO 201712998, WO 2018137295, and WO 2018137293) or SEQ ID NOs: 118-127 (See International PCT Publication No. WO 2018006880).

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 (i.e., those listed in Table 3). In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6A-Table 6H. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1566.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Table 6A or Table 6B. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of ZC3H12A. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Table 6C or Table 6D. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1264.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of MAP4K1. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Table 6E or Table 6F. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system is capable of reducing the expression and/or function of NR4A3. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Table 6G or Table 6H. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an siRNA, an shRNA, an RNA aptamer, or a morpholino) that binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises an siRNA molecule or an shRNA molecule selected from those known in the art, such as those available from commercial suppliers such as Sigma Aldrich, Dharmacon, ThermoFisher, and the like. Exemplary siRNA and shRNA constructs are described in Table 4A and Table 4B below. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises two or more siRNA molecules selected from those known in the art, such as the siRNA constructs described in Table 4A. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-based gene-regulating system comprises two or more shRNA molecules selected from those known in the art, such as the shRNA constructs described in Table 4B.

TABLE 4A Exemplary siRNA constructs Target Gene siRNA construct SEMA7A MISSION ® esiRNA human SEMA7A (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU143161) MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Sema7a (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EMU010311) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_003612) murine Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_011352) RBM39 MISSION ® esiRNA human RBM39 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU070351) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_004902) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_184234) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_184237) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_184241) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_184244) BCL2L11 MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Bcl2l11 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_006538) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_138621) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_138622) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_138623) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_138624) FLI1 MISSION ® esiRNA human FLI1 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU091961) MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Fli1 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EMU090601) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_002017) murine Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_008026) CALM2 MISSION ® esiRNA human CALM2 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU110161) MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Calm2 (SigmaAldrich Product# EMU176331) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_001743) murine Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_007589) DHODH MISSION ® esiRNA human DHODH (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU138421) MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Dhodh (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EMU072221) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_001025193) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_001361) DHODH murine Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_020046) UMPS MISSION ® esiRNA human UMPS (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU093891) MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Umps (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EMU023181) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_000373) murine Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_009471) CHIC2 MISSION ® esiRNA human CHIC2 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU137501) MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Chic2 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EMU019221 human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_012110) murine Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_028850) PCBP1 MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Pcbp1 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EMU011551) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_006196) murine Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_011865) PBRM1 MISSION ® esiRNA human PBRM1 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU075001) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_018165) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_018313) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_181042) WDR6 MISSION ® esiRNA human WDR6 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU065441) MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Wdr6 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EMU038981) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_018031) murine Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_031392) E2F8 MISSION ® esiRNA human E2F8 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU025641) MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse E2f8 (SigmaAldrich Product# EMU206861) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_024680) murine Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_001013368) SERPINA3 MISSION ® esiRNA human SERPINA3 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU150301) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_001085) GNAS MISSION ® esiRNA human GNAS (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EHU117321) MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Gnas (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich Product# EMU074141) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_000516) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_001077488) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_001077489) GNAS human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_001077490) human Rosetta Predictions (SigmaAldrich Product# NM_016592) ZC3H12A MISSION ® esiRNA targeting human ZC3H12A (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich# EHU009491) MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Zc3h12a (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich# EMU048551) Rosetta Predictions human (SigmaAldrich# NM_025079) Rosetta Predictions mouse (SigmaAldrich# NM_153159) ZC3H12A Accell Mouse Zc3h12a (230738) siRNA - SMARTpool (Dharmacon# E- 052076-00-0005) MAP4K1 MISSION ® esiRNA targeting human MAP4K1 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich# EHU005191) MISSION ® esiRNA targeting mouse Map4k1 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich# EMU086771) Rosetta Predictions human (SigmaAldrich# NM_001042600) Rosetta Predictions human (SigmaAldrich# NM_007181) Rosetta Predictions mouse (SigmaAldrich# NM_008279) NR4A3 MISSION ® esiRNA targeting human NR4A3 (esiRNA1) (SigmaAldrich# EHU014951) Rosetta Predictions human (SigmaAldrich# NM_006981) Rosetta Predictions human (SigmaAldrich# NM_173198) Rosetta Predictions human (SigmaAldrich# NM_173199) Rosetta Predictions human (SigmaAldrich# NM_173200)

TABLE 4B Exemplary shRNA constructs Target Gene shRNA construct SEMA7A MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_011352) MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_003612) RBM39 MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_133242) MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_004902) BCL2L11 MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_009754) MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_138621) FLI1 MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_002017 MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_008026) CALM2 MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_007589) MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_001743) DHODH MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_020046) MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_001361) UMPS MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_009471) MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_000373) CHIC2 MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_028850) MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_012110) PCBP1 MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_011865) MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_006196) PBRM1 MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_001081251) PBRM1 MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_018165) WDR6 MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_031392) MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_018031) E2F8 MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_001013368) MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_024680) SERPINA3 MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_001085) GNAS MISSION ® shRNA murine Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_010309) MISSION ® shRNA human Plasmid DNA (SigmaAldrich Product# SHCLND-NM_000516) ZC3H12A MISSION ® shRNA Plasmid DNA human (SigmaAldrich# SHCLND-NM_025079) MISSION ® shRNA Plasmid DNA mouse (SigmaAldrich# SHCLND-NM_153159) MAP4K1 MISSION ® shRNA Plasmid DNA human (SigmaAldrich# SHCLND-NM_007181) MISSION ® shRNA Plasmid DNA mouse (SigmaAldrich# SHCLND-NM_008279) NR4A3 MISSION ® shRNA Plasmid DNA human (SigmaAldrich# SHCLND-NM_006981) MISSION ® shRNA Plasmid DNA mouse (SigmaAldrich# SHCLND-NM_015743)

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more nucleic acid molecules (e.g., two or more siRNAs, two or more shRNAs, two or more RNA aptamers, or two or more morpholinos), wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR (e.g., a gene selected from Table 2) and wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 (e.g., a gene selected from Table 3).

In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6A-Table 6H. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1566 and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more nucleic acid molecules, wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6A or Table 6B. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more nucleic acid molecules, wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of CBLB and wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more nucleic acid molecules, wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of ZC3H12A. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6C or Table 6D. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more nucleic acid molecules, wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of the CBLB gene and wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of the ZC3H12A gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1264 and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more nucleic acid molecules, wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of MAP4K1. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6E or Table 6F. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more nucleic acid molecules, wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of the CBLB gene and wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of MAP4K1. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more nucleic acid molecules, wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of NR4A3. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6G or Table 6H. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more nucleic acid molecules, wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of the CBLB gene and wherein at least one of the nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence encoded by a DNA sequence of NR4A3. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and at least one of the two or more nucleic acid molecules binds to a target RNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to an RNA sequence encoded by one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

B. Protein-Based Gene-Regulating Systems

In some embodiments, a protein-based gene-regulating system is a system comprising one or more proteins capable of regulating the expression of an endogenous target gene in a sequence specific manner without the requirement for a nucleic acid guide molecule. In some embodiments, the protein-based gene-regulating system comprises a protein comprising one or more zinc-finger binding domains and an enzymatic domain. In some embodiments, the protein-based gene-regulating system comprises a protein comprising a Transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) domain and an enzymatic domain. Such embodiments are referred to herein as “TALENs”.

1. Zinc Finger Systems

Zinc finger-based systems comprise a fusion protein comprising two protein domains: a zinc finger DNA binding domain and an enzymatic domain. A “zinc finger DNA binding domain”, “zinc finger protein”, or “ZFP” is a protein, or a domain within a larger protein, that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner through one or more zinc fingers, which are regions of amino acid sequence within the binding domain whose structure is stabilized through coordination of a zinc ion. The zinc finger domain, by binding to a target DNA sequence, directs the activity of the enzymatic domain to the vicinity of the sequence and, hence, induces modification of the endogenous target gene in the vicinity of the target sequence. A zinc finger domain can be engineered to bind to virtually any desired sequence. Accordingly, after identifying a target genetic locus containing a target DNA sequence at which cleavage or recombination is desired (e.g., a target locus in a target gene referenced in Tables 2 or 3), one or more zinc finger binding domains can be engineered to bind to one or more target DNA sequences in the target genetic locus. Expression of a fusion protein comprising a zinc finger binding domain and an enzymatic domain in a cell, effects modification in the target genetic locus.

In some embodiments, a zinc finger binding domain comprises one or more zinc fingers. Miller et al. (1985) EMBO J. 4:1609-1614; Rhodes (1993) Scientific American February: 56-65; U.S. Pat. No. 6,453,242. Typically, a single zinc finger domain is about 30 amino acids in length. An individual zinc finger binds to a three-nucleotide (i.e., triplet) sequence (or a four-nucleotide sequence which can overlap, by one nucleotide, with the four-nucleotide binding site of an adjacent zinc finger). Therefore the length of a sequence to which a zinc finger binding domain is engineered to bind (e.g., a target sequence) will determine the number of zinc fingers in an engineered zinc finger binding domain. For example, for ZFPs in which the finger motifs do not bind to overlapping subsites, a six-nucleotide target sequence is bound by a two-finger binding domain; a nine-nucleotide target sequence is bound by a three-finger binding domain, etc. Binding sites for individual zinc fingers (i.e., subsites) in a target site need not be contiguous, but can be separated by one or several nucleotides, depending on the length and nature of the amino acids sequences between the zinc fingers (i.e., the inter-finger linkers) in a multi-finger binding domain. In some embodiments, the DNA-binding domains of individual ZFNs comprise between three and six individual zinc finger repeats and can each recognize between 9 and 18 basepairs.

Zinc finger binding domains can be engineered to bind to a sequence of choice. See, for example, Beerli et al. (2002) Nature Biotechnol. 20:135-141; Pabo et al. (2001) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 70:313-340; Isalan et al. (2001) Nature Biotechnol. 19:656-660; Segal et al. (2001) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 12:632-637; Choo et al. (2000) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 10:411-416. An engineered zinc finger binding domain can have a novel binding specificity, compared to a naturally-occurring zinc finger protein. Engineering methods include, but are not limited to, rational design and various types of selection.

Selection of a target DNA sequence for binding by a zinc finger domain can be accomplished, for example, according to the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,453,242. It will be clear to those skilled in the art that simple visual inspection of a nucleotide sequence can also be used for selection of a target DNA sequence. Accordingly, any means for target DNA sequence selection can be used in the methods described herein. A target site generally has a length of at least 9 nucleotides and, accordingly, is bound by a zinc finger binding domain comprising at least three zinc fingers. However binding of, for example, a 4-finger binding domain to a 12-nucleotide target site, a 5-finger binding domain to a 15-nucleotide target site or a 6-finger binding domain to an 18-nucleotide target site, is also possible. As will be apparent, binding of larger binding domains (e.g., 7-, 8-, 9-finger and more) to longer target sites is also possible.

In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR (e.g., a gene selected from Table 2). In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of CBLB. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of BCOR. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 708-772 or SEQ ID NOs: 708-764. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of TNFAIP3. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 348-396 or SEQ ID NOs: 348-386.

In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 (e.g., a gene selected from Table 3). In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Table 6A-Table 6H. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1566.

In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6A or Table 6B. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of ZC3H12A. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6C or Table 6D. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1264.

In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the MAP4K1 gene. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6E or Table 6F. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the NR4A3 gene. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6G or Table 6H. In some embodiments, the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566.

In some embodiments, the zinc finger system is selected from those known in the art, such as those available from commercial suppliers such as Sigma Aldrich. For example, in some embodiments, the zinc finger system is selected from those known in the art, such as those described in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7 Exemplary Zinc Finger Systems Target Gene Zinc Finger System SEMA7A CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid human SEMA7A NM_003612 (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND19082) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid murine Sema7a NM_011352.2 (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND 19082) RBM39 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human RBM39 (NM_004902) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND 18044) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Rbm39 (NM_133242.2) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND39983) BCL2L11 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human BCL2L11 (NM_006538) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND3909) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Bcl2l11 (NM_207680.2) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND27562) FLI1 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN Kit Human FLI1 (NM_002017) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFN8731) FLI1 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Fli1 (NM_008026.4) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND31430) CALM2 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN Kit Human CALM2 (NM_001743) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFN5301) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Calm2 (NM_007589.5) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND27915) DHODH CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human DHODH (NM_001361) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND 1982) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Dhodh (NM_020046.3) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND29960) UMPS CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human UMPS (NM_000373) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND1693) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Umps (NM_009471.2) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND43931) CHIC2 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN Kit Human CHIC2 (NM_012110) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFN6059) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Chic2 (NM_028850.4) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND28691) PCBP1 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human PCBP1 (NM_006196) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND16392) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Pcbp1 (NM_011865.3) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND38313) PBRM1 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human PBRM1 (NM_018165) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND2434) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Pbrm1 (NM_001081251.1) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND38304) WDR6 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human WDR6 (NM_018031) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND22841) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Wdr6 (NM_031392.2) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND44594) E2F8 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human E2F8 (NM_024680) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND7610) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse E2f8 (NM_001013368.5) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND30371) SERPINA3 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human SERPINA3 (NM_001085) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND1900) GNAS CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human GNAS (NM_000516) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND1354) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Gnas (NM_001077510.2) (SigmaAldrich Product # CKOZFND32583) ZC3H12A CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN Kit, ZFN plasmid Human ZC3H12A (NM_025079) (SigmaAldrich# CKOZFND23094) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN Kit, ZFN plasmid mouse Zc3h12a (NM_153159.2) (SigmaAldrich# CKOZFND44851) MAP4K1 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human MAP4K1 (NM_001042600) (SigmaAldrich# CKOZFND12999) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Map4k1 (NM_008279.2) (SigmaAldrich# CKOZFND35246) NR4A3 CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Human NR4A3 (NM_006981) (SigmaAldrich# CKOZFND2362) CompoZr ® Knockout ZFN plasmid Mouse Nr4a3 (NM_015743.2) (SigmaAldrich# CKOZFND36667)

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more ZFP-fusion proteins each comprising a zinc finger binding domain, wherein at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and wherein at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3. In some embodiments, at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Tables 6A-Table 6H. In some embodiments, at least one of the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the zinc finger binding domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1566.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more ZFP-fusion proteins each comprising a zinc finger binding domain, wherein at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90% 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90% 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6A or Table 6B. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more ZFP-fusion proteins each comprising a zinc finger binding domain, wherein at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence of ZC3H12A. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90% 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90% 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6C or Table 6D. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more ZFP-fusion proteins each comprising a zinc finger binding domain, wherein at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence the CBLB gene and at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the ZC3H12A gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1264 and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more ZFP-fusion proteins each comprising a zinc finger binding domain, wherein at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the MAP4K1 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6D or Table 6E. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more ZFP-fusion proteins each comprising a zinc finger binding domain, wherein at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence the CBLB gene selected and at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the MAP4K1 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more ZFP-fusion proteins each comprising a zinc finger binding domain, wherein at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the NR4A3 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6F or Table 6G. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more ZFP-fusion proteins each comprising a zinc finger binding domain, wherein at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence the CBLB gene selected and at least one of the zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the NR4A3 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and at least one of the two or more zinc finger binding domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

The enzymatic domain portion of the zinc finger fusion proteins can be obtained from any endo- or exonuclease. Exemplary endonucleases from which an enzymatic domain can be derived include, but are not limited to, restriction endonucleases and homing endonucleases. See, for example, 2002-2003 Catalogue, New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.; and Belfort et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3379-3388. Additional enzymes which cleave DNA are known (e.g., 51 Nuclease; mung bean nuclease; pancreatic DNaseI; micrococcal nuclease; yeast HO endonuclease; see also Linn et al. (eds.) Nucleases, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1993). One or more of these enzymes (or functional fragments thereof) can be used as a source of cleavage domains.

Exemplary restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) suitable for use as an enzymatic domain of the ZFPs described herein are present in many species and are capable of sequence-specific binding to DNA (at a recognition site), and cleaving DNA at or near the site of binding. Certain restriction enzymes (e.g., Type IIS) cleave DNA at sites removed from the recognition site and have separable binding and cleavage domains. For example, the Type IIS enzyme FokI catalyzes double-stranded cleavage of DNA, at 9 nucleotides from its recognition site on one strand and 13 nucleotides from its recognition site on the other. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,356,802; 5,436,150 and 5,487,994; as well as Li et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4275-4279; Li et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2764-2768; Kim et al. (1994a) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:883-887; Kim et al. (1994b) J. Biol. Chem. 269:31,978-31,982. Thus, in one embodiment, fusion proteins comprise the enzymatic domain from at least one Type IIS restriction enzyme and one or more zinc finger binding domains.

An exemplary Type IIS restriction enzyme, whose cleavage domain is separable from the binding domain, is FokI. This particular enzyme is active as a dimer. Bitinaite et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 10,570-10,575. Thus, for targeted double-stranded DNA cleavage using zinc finger-FokI fusions, two fusion proteins, each comprising a FokI enzymatic domain, can be used to reconstitute a catalytically active cleavage domain. Alternatively, a single polypeptide molecule containing a zinc finger binding domain and two FokI enzymatic domains can also be used. Exemplary ZFPs comprising FokI enzymatic domains are described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,782,437.

2. TALEN Systems

TALEN-based systems comprise a protein comprising a TAL effector DNA binding domain and an enzymatic domain. They are made by fusing a TAL effector DNA-binding domain to a DNA cleavage domain (a nuclease which cuts DNA strands). The FokI restriction enzyme described above is an exemplary enzymatic domain suitable for use in TALEN-based gene-regulating systems.

TAL effectors are proteins that are secreted by Xanthomonas bacteria via their type III secretion system when they infect plants. The DNA binding domain contains a repeated, highly conserved, 33-34 amino acid sequence with divergent 12th and 13th amino acids. These two positions, referred to as the Repeat Variable Diresidue (RVD), are highly variable and strongly correlated with specific nucleotide recognition. Therefore, the TAL effector domains can be engineered to bind specific target DNA sequences by selecting a combination of repeat segments containing the appropriate RVDs. The nucleic acid specificity for RVD combinations is as follows: HD targets cytosine, NI targets adenenine, NG targets thymine, and NN targets guanine (though, in some embodiments, NN can also bind adenenine with lower specificity).

In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR (e.g., a gene selected from Table 2). In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the CBLB gene. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the BCOR gene, and bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 708-772 or SEQ ID NOs: 708-764. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the TNFAIP3, bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 348-396 or SEQ ID NOs: 348-386.

In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 (e.g., a gene selected from Table 3). In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Tables 6A-Table 6H. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1566.

In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6A or Table 6B. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of ZC3H12A. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6C or Table 6D. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1264.

In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the MAP4K1 gene. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6E or Table 6F. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the NR4A3 gene. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6G or Table 6H. In some embodiments, the TAL effector domains bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more TAL effector-fusion proteins each comprising a TAL effector domain, wherein at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3. In some embodiments, at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Tables 6A-Table 6H. In some embodiments, at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1566.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more TAL effector-fusion proteins each comprising a TAL effector domain, wherein at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6A or Table 6B. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more TAL effector-fusion proteins each comprising a TAL effector domain, wherein at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence of CBLB and at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064 and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more TAL effector-fusion proteins each comprising a TAL effector domain, wherein at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence of ZC3H12A. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6C or Table 6D. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more TAL effector-fusion proteins each comprising a TAL effector domain, wherein at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence the CBLB gene and at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the ZC3H12A gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509 and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1264 and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more TAL effector-fusion proteins each comprising a TAL effector domain, wherein at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the MAP4K1 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6D or Table 6E. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more TAL effector-fusion proteins each comprising a TAL effector domain, wherein at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the CBLB gene selected and at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the MAP4K1 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538 and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more TAL effector-fusion proteins each comprising a TAL effector domain, wherein at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the NR4A3 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6F or Table 6G. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more TAL effector-fusion proteins each comprising a TAL effector domain, wherein at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the CBLB gene selected and at least one of the TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence of the NR4A3 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566 and at least one of the two or more TAL effector domains binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524.

Methods and compositions for assembling the TAL-effector repeats are known in the art. See e.g., Cermak et al, Nucleic Acids Research, 39:12, 2011, e82. Plasmids for constructions of the TAL-effector repeats are commercially available from Addgene.

C. Combination Nucleic Acid/Protein-Based Gene-Regulating Systems

Combination gene-regulating systems comprise a site-directed modifying polypeptide and a nucleic acid guide molecule. Herein, a “site-directed modifying polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide that binds to a nucleic acid guide molecule, is targeted to a target nucleic acid sequence, (for example, an endogenous target DNA or RNA sequence) by the nucleic acid guide molecule to which it is bound, and modifies the target nucleic acid sequence (e.g., by cleavage, mutation, or methylation of the target nucleic acid sequence).

A site-directed modifying polypeptide comprises two portions, a portion that binds the nucleic acid guide and an activity portion. In some embodiments, a site-directed modifying polypeptide comprises an activity portion that exhibits site-directed enzymatic activity (e.g., DNA methylation, DNA or RNA cleavage, histone acetylation, histone methylation, etc.), wherein the site of enzymatic activity is determined by the guide nucleic acid. In some cases, a site-directed modifying polypeptide comprises an activity portion that has enzymatic activity that modifies the endogenous target nucleic acid sequence (e.g., nuclease activity, methyltransferase activity, demethylase activity, DNA repair activity, DNA damage activity, deamination activity, dismutase activity, alkylation activity, depurination activity, oxidation activity, pyrimidine dimer forming activity, integrase activity, transposase activity, recombinase activity, polymerase activity, ligase activity, helicase activity, photolyase activity or glycosylase activity). In other cases, a site-directed modifying polypeptide comprises an activity portion that has enzymatic activity that modifies a polypeptide (e.g., a histone) associated with the endogenous target nucleic acid sequence (e.g., methyltransferase activity, demethylase activity, acetyltransferase activity, deacetylase activity, kinase activity, phosphatase activity, ubiquitin ligase activity, deubiquitinating activity, adenylation activity, deadenylation activity, SUMOylating activity, deSUMOylating activity, ribosylation activity, deribosylation activity, myristoylation activity or demyristoylation activity). In some embodiments, a site-directed modifying polypeptide comprises an activity portion that modulates transcription of a target DNA sequence (e.g., to increase or decrease transcription). In some embodiments, a site-directed modifying polypeptide comprises an activity portion that modulates expression or translation of a target RNA sequence (e.g., to increase or decrease transcription).

The nucleic acid guide comprises two portions: a first portion that is complementary to, and capable of binding with, an endogenous target nucleic sequence (referred to herein as a “nucleic acid-binding segment”), and a second portion that is capable of interacting with the site-directed modifying polypeptide (referred to herein as a “protein-binding segment”). In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-binding segment and protein-binding segment of a nucleic acid guide are comprised within a single polynucleotide molecule. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-binding segment and protein-binding segment of a nucleic acid guide are each comprised within separate polynucleotide molecules, such that the nucleic acid guide comprises two polynucleotide molecules that associate with each other to form the functional guide.

The nucleic acid guide mediates the target specificity of the combined protein/nucleic acid gene-regulating systems by specifically hybridizing with a target nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid sequence is an RNA sequence, such as an RNA sequence comprised within an mRNA transcript of a target gene. In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid sequence is a DNA sequence comprised within the DNA sequence of a target gene. Reference herein to a target gene encompasses the full-length DNA sequence for that particular gene which comprises a plurality of target genetic loci (i.e., portions of a particular target gene sequence (e.g., an exon or an intron)). Within each target genetic loci are shorter stretches of DNA sequences referred to herein as “target DNA sequences” that can be modified by the gene-regulating systems described herein. Further, each target genetic loci comprises a “target modification site,” which refers to the precise location of the modification induced by the gene-regulating system (e.g., the location of an insertion, a deletion, or mutation, the location of a DNA break, or the location of an epigenetic modification).

The gene-regulating systems described herein may comprise a single nucleic acid guide, or may comprise a plurality of nucleic acid guides (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more nucleic acid guides).

In some embodiments, the combined protein/nucleic acid gene-regulating systems comprise site-directed modifying polypeptides derived from Argonaute (Ago) proteins (e.g., T. thermophiles Ago or TtAgo). In such embodiments, the site-directed modifying polypeptide is a T. thermophiles Ago DNA endonuclease and the nucleic acid guide is a guide DNA (gDNA) (See, Swarts et al., Nature 507 (2014), 258-261). In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding a gDNA. In some embodiments, a gDNA-encoding nucleic acid is comprised in an expression vector, e.g., a recombinant expression vector. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding a TtAgo site-directed modifying polypeptide or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding a TtAgo site-directed modifying polypeptide is comprised in an expression vector, e.g., a recombinant expression vector.

In some embodiments, the gene editing systems described herein are CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas (CRISPR Associated) nuclease systems. In some embodiments, the CRISPR/Cas system is a Class 2 system. Class 2 CRISPR/Cas systems are divided into three types: Type II, Type V, and Type VI systems. In some embodiments, the CRISPR/Cas system is a Class 2 Type II system, utilizing the Cas9 protein. In such embodiments, the site-directed modifying polypeptide is a Cas9 DNA endonuclease (or variant thereof) and the nucleic acid guide molecule is a guide RNA (gRNA). In some embodiments, the CRISPR/Cas system is a Class 2 Type V system, utilizing the Cas12 proteins (e.g., Cas12a (also known as Cpf1), Cas12b (also known as C2c1), Cas12c (also known as C2c3), Cas12d (also known as CasY), and Cas12e (also known as CasX)). In such embodiments, the site-directed modifying polypeptide is a Cas12 DNA endonuclease (or variant thereof) and the nucleic acid guide molecule is a gRNA. In some embodiments, the CRISPR/Cas system is a Class 2 and Type VI system, utilizing the Cas13 proteins (e.g., Cas13a (also known as C2c2), Cas13b, and Cas13c). (See, Pyzocha et al., ACS Chemical Biology, 13(2), 347-356). In such embodiments, the site-directed modifying polypeptide is a Cas13 RNA riboendonuclease and the nucleic acid guide molecule is a gRNA.

A Cas polypeptide refers to a polypeptide that can interact with a gRNA molecule and, in concert with the gRNA molecule, home or localize to a target DNA or target RNA sequence. Cas polypeptides include naturally occurring Cas proteins and engineered, altered, or otherwise modified Cas proteins that differ by one or more amino acid residues from a naturally-occurring Cas sequence.

A guide RNA (gRNA) comprises two segments, a DNA-binding segment and a protein-binding segment. In some embodiments, the protein-binding segment of a gRNA is comprised in one RNA molecule and the DNA-binding segment is comprised in another separate RNA molecule. Such embodiments are referred to herein as “double-molecule gRNAs” or “two-molecule gRNA” or “dual gRNAs.” In some embodiments, the gRNA is a single RNA molecule and is referred to herein as a “single-guide RNA” or an “sgRNA.” The term “guide RNA” or “gRNA” is inclusive, referring both to two-molecule guide RNAs and sgRNAs.

The protein-binding segment of a gRNA comprises, in part, two complementary stretches of nucleotides that hybridize to one another to form a double stranded RNA duplex (dsRNA duplex), which facilitates binding to the Cas protein. The nucleic acid-binding segment (or “nucleic acid-binding sequence”) of a gRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to and capable of binding to a specific target nucleic acid sequence. The protein-binding segment of the gRNA interacts with a Cas polypeptide and the interaction of the gRNA molecule and site-directed modifying polypeptide results in Cas binding to the endogenous nucleic acid sequence and produces one or more modifications within or around the target nucleic acid sequence. The precise location of the target modification site is determined by both (i) base-pairing complementarity between the gRNA and the target nucleic acid sequence; and (ii) the location of a short motif, referred to as the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), in the target DNA sequence (referred to as a protospacer flanking sequence (PFS) in target RNA sequences). The PAM/PFS sequence is required for Cas binding to the target nucleic acid sequence. A variety of PAM/PFS sequences are known in the art and are suitable for use with a particular Cas endonuclease (e.g., a Cas9 endonuclease) (See e.g., Nat Methods. 2013 November; 10(11): 1116-1121 and Sci Rep. 2014; 4: 5405). In some embodiments, the PAM sequence is located within 50 base pairs of the target modification site in a target DNA sequence. In some embodiments, the PAM sequence is located within 10 base pairs of the target modification site in a target DNA sequence. The DNA sequences that can be targeted by this method are limited only by the relative distance of the PAM sequence to the target modification site and the presence of a unique 20 base pair sequence to mediate sequence-specific, gRNA-mediated Cas binding. In some embodiments, the PFS sequence is located at the 3′ end of the target RNA sequence. In some embodiments, the target modification site is located at the 5′ terminus of the target locus. In some embodiments, the target modification site is located at the 3′ end of the target locus. In some embodiments, the target modification site is located within an intron or an exon of the target locus.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding a gRNA. In some embodiments, a gRNA-encoding nucleic acid is comprised in an expression vector, e.g., a recombinant expression vector. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding a site-directed modifying polypeptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding a site-directed modifying polypeptide is comprised in an expression vector, e.g., a recombinant expression vector.

1. Cas Proteins

In some embodiments, the site-directed modifying polypeptide is a Cas protein. Cas molecules of a variety of species can be used in the methods and compositions described herein, including Cas molecules derived from S. pyogenes, S. aureus, N. meningitidis, S. thermophiles, Acidovorax avenae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus succinogenes, Actinobacillus suis, Actinomyces sp., Cycliphilusdenitrificans, Aminomonas paucivorans, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus smithii, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacteroides sp., Blastopirellula marina, Bradyrhizobium sp., Brevibacillus laterospoxus, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, Candidatus puniceispirillum, Clostridium cellulolyticum, Clostridium perfringens, Corynebacterium accolens, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Corynebacterium matruchotii, Dinoroseobacter shibae, Eubacterium dolichum, Gammaproteobacterium, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus sputomm, Helicobacter canadensis, Helicobacter cinaedi, Helicobacter mustelae, Ilyobacter polytropus, Kingella kingae, Lactobacillus crispatus, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeriaceae bacterium, Methylocystis sp., Methylosinus trichosporium, Mobiluncus mulieris, Neisseria bacilliformis, Neisseria cinerea, Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria sp., Neisseria wadsworthii, Nitrosomonas sp., Parvibaculum lavamentivorans, Pasteurella multocida, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, Ralstonia syzygii, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rhodovulum sp., Simonsiella muelleri, Sphingomonas sp., Sporolactobacillus vineae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Streptococcus sp., Subdoligranulum sp., Tistrella mobilis, Treponema sp., or Verminephrobacter eiseniae.

In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a naturally-occurring Cas protein. In some embodiments, the Cas endonuclease is selected from the group consisting of C2C1, C2C3, Cpf1 (also referred to as Cas12a), Cas12b, Cas12c, Cas12d, Cas12e, Cas13a, Cas13b, Cas13c, Cas13d, Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csn1 and Csx12), Cas10, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmr1, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16, CsaX, Csx3, Csx1, Csx15, Csf1, Csf2, Csf3, and Csf4.

In some embodiments, the Cas protein is an endoribonuclease such as a Cas13 protein. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein is a Cas13a (Abudayyeh et al., Nature 550 (2017), 280-284), Cas13b (Cox et al., Science (2017) 358:6336, 1019-1027), Cas13c (Cox et al., Science (2017) 358:6336, 1019-1027), or Cas13d (Zhang et al., Cell 175 (2018), 212-223) protein.

In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a wild-type or naturally occurring Cas9 protein or a Cas9 ortholog. Wild-type Cas9 is a multi-domain enzyme that uses an HNH nuclease domain to cleave the target strand of DNA and a RuvC-like domain to cleave the non-target strand. Binding of WT Cas9 to DNA based on gRNA specificity results in double-stranded DNA breaks that can be repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR). Exemplary naturally occurring Cas9 molecules are described in Chylinski et al., RNA Biology 2013 10:5, 727-737 and additional Cas9 orthologs are described in International PCT Publication No. WO 2015/071474. Such Cas9 molecules include Cas9 molecules of a cluster 1 bacterial family, cluster 2 bacterial family, cluster 3 bacterial family, cluster 4 bacterial family, cluster 5 bacterial family, cluster 6 bacterial family, a cluster 7 bacterial family, a cluster 8 bacterial family, a cluster 9 bacterial family, a cluster 10 bacterial family, a cluster 1 1 bacterial family, a cluster 12 bacterial family, a cluster 13 bacterial family, a cluster 14 bacterial family, a cluster 15 bacterial family, a cluster 16 bacterial family, a cluster 17 bacterial family, a cluster 18 bacterial family, a cluster 19 bacterial family, a cluster 20 bacterial family, a cluster 21 bacterial family, a cluster 22 bacterial family, a cluster 23 bacterial family, a cluster 24 bacterial family, a cluster 25 bacterial family, a cluster 26 bacterial family, a cluster 27 bacterial family, a cluster 28 bacterial family, a cluster 29 bacterial family, a cluster 30 bacterial family, a cluster 31 bacterial family, a cluster 32 bacterial family, a cluster 33 bacterial family, a cluster 34 bacterial family, a cluster 35 bacterial family, a cluster 36 bacterial family, a cluster 37 bacterial family, a cluster 38 bacterial family, a cluster 39 bacterial family, a cluster 40 bacterial family, a cluster 41 bacterial family, a cluster 42 bacterial family, a cluster 43 bacterial family, a cluster 44 bacterial family, a cluster 45 bacterial family, a cluster 46 bacterial family, a cluster 47 bacterial family, a cluster 48 bacterial family, a cluster 49 bacterial family, a cluster 50 bacterial family, a cluster 51 bacterial family, a cluster 52 bacterial family, a cluster 53 bacterial family, a cluster 54 bacterial family, a cluster 55 bacterial family, a cluster 56 bacterial family, a cluster 57 bacterial family, a cluster 58 bacterial family, a cluster 59 bacterial family, a cluster 60 bacterial family, a cluster 61 bacterial family, a cluster 62 bacterial family, a cluster 63 bacterial family, a cluster 64 bacterial family, a cluster 65 bacterial family, a cluster 66 bacterial family, a cluster 67 bacterial family, a cluster 68 bacterial family, a cluster 69 bacterial family, a cluster 70 bacterial family, a cluster 71 bacterial family, a cluster 72 bacterial family, a cluster 73 bacterial family, a cluster 74 bacterial family, a cluster 75 bacterial family, a cluster 76 bacterial family, a cluster 77 bacterial family, or a cluster 78 bacterial family.

In some embodiments, the naturally occurring Cas9 polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SpCas9, SpCas9-HF1, SpCas9-HF2, SpCas9-HF3, SpCas9-HF4, SaCas9, FnCpf, FnCas9, eSpCas9, and NmeCas9. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a Cas9 amino acid sequence described in Chylinski et al., RNA Biology 2013 10:5, 727-737; Hou et al., PNAS Early Edition 2013, 1-6).

In some embodiments, the Cas polypeptide comprises one or more of the following activities:

(a) a nickase activity, i.e., the ability to cleave a single strand, e.g., the non-complementary strand or the complementary strand, of a nucleic acid molecule;

(b) a double stranded nuclease activity, i.e., the ability to cleave both strands of a double stranded nucleic acid and create a double stranded break, which in an embodiment is the presence of two nickase activities;

(c) an endonuclease activity;

(d) an exonuclease activity; and/or

(e) a helicase activity, i.e., the ability to unwind the helical structure of a double stranded nucleic acid.

In some embodiments, the Cas polypeptide is fused to heterologous proteins that recruit DNA-damage signaling proteins, exonucleases, or phosphatases to further increase the likelihood or the rate of repair of the target sequence by one repair mechanism or another. In some embodiments, a WT Cas polypeptide is co-expressed with a nucleic acid repair template to facilitate the incorporation of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence by homology-directed repair.

In some embodiments, different Cas proteins (i.e., Cas9 proteins from various species) may be advantageous to use in the various provided methods in order to capitalize on various enzymatic characteristics of the different Cas proteins (e.g., for different PAM sequence preferences; for increased or decreased enzymatic activity; for an increased or decreased level of cellular toxicity; to change the balance between NHEJ, homology-directed repair, single strand breaks, double strand breaks, etc.).

In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein derived from S. pyogenes and recognizes the PAM sequence motif NGG, NAG, NGA (Mali et al, Science 2013; 339(6121): 823-826). In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein derived from S. thermophiles and recognizes the PAM sequence motif NGGNG and/or NNAGAAW (W=A or T) (See, e.g., Horvath et al, Science, 2010; 327(5962): 167-170, and Deveau et al, J Bacteriol 2008; 190(4): 1390-1400). In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein derived from S. mutans and recognizes the PAM sequence motif NGG and/or NAAR (R=A or G) (See, e.g., Deveau et al, J BACTERIOL 2008; 190(4): 1390-1400). In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein derived from S. aureus and recognizes the PAM sequence motif NNGRR (R=A or G). In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein derived from S. aureus and recognizes the PAM sequence motif N GRRT (R=A or G). In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein derived from S. aureus and recognizes the PAM sequence motif N GRRV (R=A or G). In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein derived from N. meningitidis and recognizes the PAM sequence motif N GATT or N GCTT (R=A or G, V=A, G or C) (See, e.g., Hou et ah, PNAS 2013, 1-6). In the aforementioned embodiments, N can be any nucleotide residue, e.g., any of A, G, C or T. In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas13a protein derived from Leptotrichia shahii and recognizes the PFS sequence motif of a single 3′ A, U, or C.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a Cas protein is provided. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a Cas protein that is at least 90% identical to a Cas protein described in International PCT Publication No. WO 2015/071474 or Chylinski et al., RNA Biology 2013 10:5, 727-737. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a Cas protein that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a Cas protein described in International PCT Publication No. WO 2015/071474 or Chylinski et al., RNA Biology 2013 10:5, 727-737. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a Cas protein that is 100% identical to a Cas protein described in International PCT Publication No. WO 2015/071474 or Chylinski et al., RNA Biology 2013 10:5, 727-737.

2. Cas Mutants

In some embodiments, the Cas polypeptides are engineered to alter one or more properties of the Cas polypeptide. For example, in some embodiments, the Cas polypeptide comprises altered enzymatic properties, e.g., altered nuclease activity, (as compared with a naturally occurring or other reference Cas molecule) or altered helicase activity. In some embodiments, an engineered Cas polypeptide can have an alteration that alters its size, e.g., a deletion of amino acid sequence that reduces its size without significant effect on another property of the Cas polypeptide. In some embodiments, an engineered Cas polypeptide comprises an alteration that affects PAM recognition. For example, an engineered Cas polypeptide can be altered to recognize a PAM sequence other than the PAM sequence recognized by the corresponding wild-type Cas protein.

Cas polypeptides with desired properties can be made in a number of ways, including alteration of a naturally occurring Cas polypeptide or parental Cas polypeptide, to provide a mutant or altered Cas polypeptide having a desired property. For example, one or more mutations can be introduced into the sequence of a parental Cas polypeptide (e.g., a naturally occurring or engineered Cas polypeptide). Such mutations and differences may comprise substitutions (e.g., conservative substitutions or substitutions of non-essential amino acids); insertions; or deletions. In some embodiments, a mutant Cas polypeptide comprises one or more mutations (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 or 50 mutations) relative to a parental Cas polypeptide.

In an embodiment, a mutant Cas polypeptide comprises a cleavage property that differs from a naturally occurring Cas polypeptide. In some embodiments, the Cas is a deactivated Cas (dCas) mutant. In such embodiments, the Cas polypeptide does not comprise any intrinsic enzymatic activity and is unable to mediate target nucleic acid cleavage. In such embodiments, the dCas may be fused with a heterologous protein that is capable of modifying the target nucleic acid in a non-cleavage based manner. For example, in some embodiments, a dCas protein is fused to transcription activator or transcription repressor domains (e.g., the Kruppel associated box (KRAB or SKD); the Mad mSIN3 interaction domain (SID or SID4X); the ERF repressor domain (ERD); the MAX-interacting protein 1 (MXI1); methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2); etc.). In some such cases, the dCas fusion protein is targeted by the ggRNA to a specific location (i.e., sequence) in the target nucleic acid and exerts locus-specific regulation such as blocking RNA polymerase binding to a promoter (which selectively inhibits transcription activator function), and/or modifying the local chromatin status (e.g., when a fusion sequence is used that modifies the target DNA or modifies a polypeptide associated with the target DNA). In some cases, the changes are transient (e.g., transcription repression or activation). In some cases, the changes are inheritable (e.g., when epigenetic modifications are made to the target DNA or to proteins associated with the target DNA, e.g., nucleosomal histones).

In some embodiments, the dCas is a dCas13 mutant (Konermann et al., Cell 173 (2018), 665-676). These dCas13 mutants can then be fused to enzymes that modify RNA, including adenosine deaminases (e.g., ADAR1 and ADAR2). Adenosine deaminases convert adenine to inosine, which the translational machinery treats like guanine, thereby creating a functional A→G change in the RNA sequence. In some embodiments, the dCas is a dCas9 mutant.

In some embodiments, the mutant Cas9 is a Cas9 nickase mutant. Cas9 nickase mutants comprise only one catalytically active domain (either the HNH domain or the RuvC domain). The Cas9 nickase mutants retain DNA binding based on gRNA specificity, but are capable of cutting only one strand of DNA resulting in a single-strand break (e.g. a “nick”). In some embodiments, two complementary Cas9 nickase mutants (e.g., one Cas9 nickase mutant with an inactivated RuvC domain, and one Cas9 nickase mutant with an inactivated HNH domain) are expressed in the same cell with two gRNAs corresponding to two respective target sequences; one target sequence on the sense DNA strand, and one on the antisense DNA strand. This dual-nickase system results in staggered double stranded breaks and can increase target specificity, as it is unlikely that two off-target nicks will be generated close enough to generate a double stranded break. In some embodiments, a Cas9 nickase mutant is co-expressed with a nucleic acid repair template to facilitate the incorporation of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence by homology-directed repair.

In some embodiments, the Cas polypeptides described herein can be engineered to alter the PAM/PFS specificity of the Cas polypeptide. In some embodiments, a mutant Cas polypeptide has a PAM/PFS specificity that is different from the PAM/PFS specificity of the parental Cas polypeptide. For example, a naturally occurring Cas protein can be modified to alter the PAM/PFS sequence that the mutant Cas polypeptide recognizes to decrease off target sites, improve specificity, or eliminate a PAM/PFS recognition requirement. In some embodiments, a Cas protein can be modified to increase the length of the PAM/PFS recognition sequence. In some embodiments, the length of the PAM recognition sequence is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 15 amino acids in length. Cas polypeptides that recognize different PAM/PFS sequences and/or have reduced off-target activity can be generated using directed evolution. Exemplary methods and systems that can be used for directed evolution of Cas polypeptides are described, e.g., in Esvelt et al. Nature 2011, 472(7344): 499-503.

Exemplary Cas mutants are described in International PCT Publication No. WO 2015/161276 and Konermann et al., Cell 173 (2018), 665-676 which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

3. gRNAs

The present disclosure provides guide RNAs (gRNAs) that direct a site-directed modifying polypeptide to a specific target nucleic acid sequence. A gRNA comprises a “nucleic acid-targeting domain” or “targeting domain” and protein-binding segment. The targeting domain may also be referred to as a “spacer” sequence and comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence. As such, the targeting domain segment of a gRNA interacts with a target nucleic acid in a sequence-specific manner via hybridization (i.e., base pairing) and determines the location within the target nucleic acid that the gRNA will bind. The targeting domain segment of a gRNA can be modified (e.g., by genetic engineering) to hybridize to a desired sequence within a target nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence is between about 13 and about 22 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence is about 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence is about 20 nucleotides in length.

The protein-binding segment of a gRNA interacts with a site-directed modifying polypeptide (e.g. a Cas protein) to form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex comprising the gRNA and the site-directed modifying polypeptide. The targeting domain segment of the gRNA then guides the bound site-directed modifying polypeptide to a specific nucleotide sequence within target nucleic acid via the above-described spacer sequence. The protein-binding segment of a gRNA comprises at least two stretches of nucleotides that are complementary to one another and which form a double stranded RNA duplex. The protein-binding segment of a gRNA may also be referred to as a “scaffold” segment or a “tracr RNA”. In some embodiments, the tracr RNA sequence is between about 30 and about 180 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the tracr RNA sequence is between about 40 and about 90 nucleotides, about 50 and about 90 nucleotides, about 60 and about 90 nucleotides, about 65 and about 85 nucleotides, about 70 and about 80 nucleotides, about 65 and about 75 nucleotides, or about 75 and about 85 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the tracr RNA sequence is about 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, or about 90 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the tracr RNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoded by the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34 (See Mali et al., Science (2013) 339(6121):823-826), SEQ ID NOs: 35-36 (See PCT Publication No. WO 2016/106236), SEQ ID NOs: 37-39 (See Deltcheva et al., Nature. 2011 Mar. 31; 471(7340): 602-607), or SEQ ID NO: 40 (See Chen et al., Cell. 2013; 155(7); 1479-1491). Any of the foregoing tracr sequences are suitable for use in combination with any of the gRNA targeting domain embodiments described herein.

In some embodiments, a gRNA comprises two separate RNA molecules (i.e., a “dual gRNA”). In some embodiments, a gRNA comprises a single RNA molecule (i.e. a “single guide RNA” or “sgRNA”). Herein, use of the term “guide RNA” or “gRNA” is inclusive of both dual gRNAs and sgRNAs. A dual gRNA comprises two separate RNA molecules: a “crispr RNA” (or “crRNA”) and a “tracr RNA”. A crRNA molecule comprises a spacer sequence covalently linked to a “tracr mate” sequence. The tracer mate sequence comprises a stretch of nucleotides that are complementary to a corresponding sequence in the tracr RNA molecule. The crRNA molecule and tracr RNA molecule hybridize to one another via the complementarity of the tracr and tracer mate sequences.

In some embodiments, the gRNA is an sgRNA. In such embodiments, the nucleic acid-targeting sequence and the protein-binding sequence are present in a single RNA molecule by fusion of the spacer sequence to the tracr RNA sequence. In some embodiments, the sgRNA is about 50 to about 200 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the sgRNA is about 75 to about 150 or about 100 to about 125 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the sgRNA is about 100 nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, the gRNAs of the present disclosure comprise a targeting domain sequence that is least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% complementary, or is 100% complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence within a target locus. In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid sequence is an RNA target sequence. In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid sequence is a DNA target sequence.

In some embodiments, the gRNAs provided herein comprise a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR (e.g., a gene selected from Table 2). In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813. In some embodiments, the gRNAs provided herein comprise a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the CBLB gene. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-binding segments of the gRNA sequences bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524. Additional gRNAs suitable for targeting CBLB are described in US Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0175128.

In some embodiments, the gRNAs provided herein comprise a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the TNFAIP3 gene. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-binding segments of the gRNA sequences bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 348-396 or SEQ ID NOs: 348-3486. In some embodiments, the gRNAs provided herein comprise a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the BCOR gene. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-binding segments of the gRNA sequences bind to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 708-772 or SEQ ID NOs: 708-764.

In some embodiments, the gRNAs provided herein comprise a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 (e.g., a gene selected from Table 3). In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Tables 6A-Table 6H. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1566.

In some embodiments, the gRNAs provided herein comprise a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6A or Table 6B. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064. In some embodiments, the gRNAs provided herein comprise a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a sequence of ZC3H12A. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6C or Table 6D. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1264.

In some embodiments, the gRNAs provided herein comprise a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a sequence of the MAP4K1 gene. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6E or Table 6F. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 510-1538. In some embodiments, the gRNAs provided herein comprise a targeting domain sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a sequence of the NR4A3 gene. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 6G or Table 6H. In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more gRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR (e.g., a gene selected from Table 2) and wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and NR4A3 (e.g., a gene selected from Table 3).

In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Tables 6A-6H. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1566. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1566.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more gRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Table 6A or Table 6B. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more gRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the CBLB and wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, and GNAS. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 814-1064.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more gRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of ZC3H12A. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Table 6C or Table 6D. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more gRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the CBLB gene and wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the ZC3H12A gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1509. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1264. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1264.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more gRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the MAP4K1 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Table 6E or Table 6F. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1510-1538. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1510-1538.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more gRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the CBLB gene and wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the MAP4K1 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1510-1538. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1510-1538.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more gRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of a target gene selected from IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAGS, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, or BCOR and wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the NR4A3 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in Table 5A or Table 5B and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence defined by a set of genomic coordinates shown in one of Table 6G or Table 6H. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 154-498 or SEQ ID NOs: 499-813 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system comprises two or more gRNA molecules, wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the CBLB gene and wherein at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to a target DNA sequence of the NR4A3 gene. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain that binds to a target DNA sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566. In some embodiments, at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 499-524 and at least one of the gRNAs comprises a targeting domain encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical, or is 100% identical to one of SEQ ID NOs: 1539-1566.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid-binding segments of the gRNA sequences described herein are designed to minimize off-target binding using algorithms known in the art (e.g., Cas-OFF finder) to identify target sequences that are unique to a particular target locus or target gene.

In some embodiments, the gRNAs described herein can comprise one or more modified nucleosides or nucleotides which introduce stability toward nucleases. In such embodiments, these modified gRNAs may elicit a reduced innate immune as compared to a non-modified gRNA. The term “innate immune response” includes a cellular response to exogenous nucleic acids, including single stranded nucleic acids, generally of viral or bacterial origin, which involves the induction of cytokine expression and release, particularly the interferons, and cell death.

In some embodiments, the gRNAs described herein are modified at or near the 5′ end (e.g., within 1-10, 1-5, or 1-2 nucleotides of their 5′ end). In some embodiments, the 5′ end of a gRNA is modified by the inclusion of a eukaryotic mRNA cap structure or cap analog (e.g., a G(5′)ppp(5′)G cap analog, a m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G cap analog, or a 3′-0-Me-m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G anti reverse cap analog (ARCA)). In some embodiments, an in vitro transcribed gRNA is modified by treatment with a phosphatase (e.g., calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase) to remove the 5′ triphosphate group. In some embodiments, a gRNA comprises a modification at or near its 3′ end (e.g., within 1-10, 1-5, or 1-2 nucleotides of its 3′ end). For example, in some embodiments, the 3′ end of a gRNA is modified by the addition of one or more (e.g., 25-200) adenine (A) residues.

In some embodiments, modified nucleosides and modified nucleotides can be present in a gRNA, but also may be present in other gene-regulating systems, e.g., mRNA, RNAi, or siRNA-based systems. In some embodiments, modified nucleosides and nucleotides can include one or more of:

(a) alteration, e.g., replacement, of one or both of the non-linking phosphate oxygens and/or of one or more of the linking phosphate oxygens in the phosphodiester backbone linkage;

(b) alteration, e.g., replacement, of a constituent of the ribose sugar, e.g., of the 2′ hydroxyl on the ribose sugar;

(c) wholesale replacement of the phosphate moiety with “dephospho” linkers;

(d) modification or replacement of a naturally occurring nucleobase;

(e) replacement or modification of the ribose-phosphate backbone;

(f) modification of the 3′ end or 5′ end of the oligonucleotide, e.g., removal, modification or replacement of a terminal phosphate group or conjugation of a moiety; and

(g) modification of the sugar.

In some embodiments, the modifications listed above can be combined to provide modified nucleosides and nucleotides that can have two, three, four, or more modifications. For example, in some embodiments, a modified nucleoside or nucleotide can have a modified sugar and a modified nucleobase. In some embodiments, every base of a gRNA is modified. In some embodiments, each of the phosphate groups of a gRNA molecule are replaced with phosphorothioate groups.

In some embodiments, a software tool can be used to optimize the choice of gRNA within a user's target sequence, e.g., to minimize total off-target activity across the genome. Off target activity may be other than cleavage. For example, for each possible gRNA choice using S. pyogenes Cas9, software tools can identify all potential off-target sequences (preceding either NAG or NGG PAMs) across the genome that contain up to a certain number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) of mismatched base-pairs. The cleavage efficiency at each off-target sequence can be predicted, e.g., using an experimentally-derived weighting scheme. Each possible gRNA can then be ranked according to its total predicted off-target cleavage; the top-ranked gRNAs represent those that are likely to have the greatest on-target and the least off-target cleavage. Other functions, e.g., automated reagent design for gRNA vector construction, primer design for the on-target Surveyor assay, and primer design for high-throughput detection and quantification of off-target cleavage via next-generation sequencing, can also be included in the tool.

IV. Polynucleotides

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides polynucleotides or nucleic acid molecules encoding a gene-regulating system described herein. As used herein, the terms “nucleotide” or “nucleic acid” refer to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and DNA/RNA hybrids. Polynucleotides may be single-stranded or double-stranded and either recombinant, synthetic, or isolated. Polynucleotides include, but are not limited to: pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), RNA, genomic DNA (gDNA), PCR amplified DNA, complementary DNA (cDNA), synthetic DNA, or recombinant DNA. Polynucleotides refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides of at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 1000, at least 5000, at least 10000, or at least 15000 or more nucleotides in length, either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides or a modified form of either type of nucleotide, as well as all intermediate lengths. It will be readily understood that “intermediate lengths,” in this context, means any length between the quoted values, such as 6, 7, 8, 9, etc., 101, 102, 103, etc.; 151, 152, 153, etc.; 201, 202, 203, etc.

In particular embodiments, polynucleotides may be codon-optimized. As used herein, the term “codon-optimized” refers to substituting codons in a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide in order to increase the expression, stability and/or activity of the polypeptide. Factors that influence codon optimization include, but are not limited to one or more of: (i) variation of codon biases between two or more organisms or genes or synthetically constructed bias tables, (ii) variation in the degree of codon bias within an organism, gene, or set of genes, (iii) systematic variation of codons including context, (iv) variation of codons according to their decoding tRNAs, (v) variation of codons according to GC %, either overall or in one position of the triplet, (vi) variation in degree of similarity to a reference sequence for example a naturally occurring sequence, (vii) variation in the codon frequency cutoff, (viii) structural properties of mRNAs transcribed from the DNA sequence, (ix) prior knowledge about the function of the DNA sequences upon which design of the codon substitution set is to be based, (x) systematic variation of codon sets for each amino acid, (xi) isolated removal of spurious translation initiation sites and/or (xii) elimination of fortuitous polyadenylation sites otherwise leading to truncated RNA transcripts.

The recitations “sequence identity” or, for example, comprising a “sequence 50% identical to,” as used herein, refer to the extent that sequences are identical on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide basis or an amino acid-by-amino acid basis over a window of comparison. A “comparison window” refers to a conceptual segment of at least 6 contiguous positions, usually about 50 to about 100, more usually about 100 to about 150 in which a sequence is compared to a reference sequence of the same number of contiguous positions after the two sequences are optimally aligned. Thus, a “percentage of sequence identity” may be calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over the window of comparison, determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base (e.g., A, T, C, G, I) or the identical amino acid residue (e.g., Ala, Pro, Ser, Thr, Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Lys, Arg, His, Asp, Glu, Asn, Gln, Cys and Met) occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison (i.e., the window size), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide variant” and “variant” and the like refer to polynucleotides displaying substantial sequence identity with a reference polynucleotide sequence or polynucleotides that hybridize with a reference sequence under stringent conditions that are defined hereinafter. These terms include polynucleotides in which one or more nucleotides have been added or deleted, or replaced with different nucleotides compared to a reference polynucleotide. In this regard, it is well understood in the art that certain alterations inclusive of mutations, additions, deletions and substitutions can be made to a reference polynucleotide whereby the altered polynucleotide retains the biological function or activity of the reference polynucleotide.

In particular embodiments, polynucleotides or variants have at least or about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity to a reference sequence.

Moreover, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that, as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, there are many nucleotide sequences that encode a polypeptide, or fragment of variant thereof, as described herein. Some of these polynucleotides bear minimal homology to the nucleotide sequence of any native gene. Nonetheless, polynucleotides that vary due to differences in codon usage are specifically contemplated in particular embodiments, for example polynucleotides that are optimized for human and/or primate codon selection. Further, alleles of the genes comprising the polynucleotide sequences provided herein may also be used. Alleles are endogenous genes that are altered as a result of one or more mutations, such as deletions, additions and/or substitutions of nucleotides.

The polynucleotides contemplated herein, regardless of the length of the coding sequence itself, may be combined with other DNA sequences, such as promoters and/or enhancers, untranslated regions (UTRs), signal sequences, Kozak sequences, polyadenylation signals, additional restriction enzyme sites, multiple cloning sites, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES), recombinase recognition sites (e.g., LoxP, FRT, and Att sites), termination codons, transcriptional termination signals, and polynucleotides encoding self-cleaving polypeptides, epitope tags, as disclosed elsewhere herein or as known in the art, such that their overall length may vary considerably. It is therefore contemplated that a polynucleotide fragment of almost any length may be employed in particular embodiments, with the total length preferably being limited by the ease of preparation and use in the intended recombinant DNA protocol.

Polynucleotides can be prepared, manipulated and/or expressed using any of a variety of well-established techniques known and available in the art.

Vectors

In order to express a gene-regulating system described herein in a cell, an expression cassette encoding the gene-regulating system can be inserted into appropriate vector. The term “nucleic acid vector” is used herein to refer to a nucleic acid molecule capable transferring or transporting another nucleic acid molecule. The transferred nucleic acid is generally linked to, e.g., inserted into, the vector nucleic acid molecule. A nucleic acid vector may include sequences that direct autonomous replication in a cell, or may include sequences sufficient to allow integration into host cell DNA.

The term “expression cassette” as used herein refers to genetic sequences within a vector which can express an RNA, and subsequently a protein. The nucleic acid cassette contains the gene of interest, e.g., a gene-regulating system. The nucleic acid cassette is positionally and sequentially oriented within the vector such that the nucleic acid in the cassette can be transcribed into RNA, and when necessary, translated into a protein or a polypeptide, undergo appropriate post-translational modifications required for activity in the transformed cell, and be translocated to the appropriate compartment for biological activity by targeting to appropriate intracellular compartments or secretion into extracellular compartments. Preferably, the cassette has its 3′ and 5′ ends adapted for ready insertion into a vector, e.g., it has restriction endonuclease sites at each end. The cassette can be removed and inserted into a plasmid or viral vector as a single unit.

In particular embodiments, vectors include, without limitation, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, transposons, artificial chromosomes such as yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC), bacteriophages such as lambda phage or M13 phage, and animal viruses. In particular embodiments, the coding sequences of the gene-regulating systems disclosed herein can be ligated into such vectors for the expression of the gene-regulating systems in mammalian cells.

In some embodiments, non-viral vectors are used to deliver one or more polynucleotides contemplated herein to an immune effector cell, e.g., a T cell. In some embodiments, the recombinant vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein is a plasmid. Numerous suitable plasmid expression vectors are known to those of skill in the art, and many are commercially available. The following vectors are provided by way of example; for eukaryotic host cells: pXT1, pSG5 (Stratagene), pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, and pSVLSV40 (Pharmacia). However, any other plasmid vector may be used so long as it is compatible with the host cell. Depending on the cell type and gene-regulating system utilized, any of a number of suitable transcription and translation control elements, including constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancer elements, transcription terminators, etc. may be used in the expression vector (see e.g., Bitter et al. (1987) Methods in Enzymology, 153:516-544).

In some embodiments, the recombinant vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein is a viral vector. Suitable viral vectors include, but are not limited to, viral vectors based on vaccinia virus; poliovirus; adenovirus (see, e.g., Li et al., Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 35:2543 2549, 1994; Borras et al., Gene Ther 6:515 524, 1999; Li and Davidson, PNAS 92:7700 7704, 1995; Sakamoto et al., H Gene Ther 5:1088 1097, 1999; WO 94/12649, WO 93/03769; WO 93/19191; WO 94/28938; WO 95/11984 and WO 95/00655); adeno-associated virus (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,078,387; Ali et al., Hum Gene Ther 9:81 86, 1998, Flannery et al, PNAS 94:6916 6921, 1997; Bennett et al., Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 38:2857 2863, 1997; Jomary et al., Gene Ther 4:683 690, 1997, Rolling et al., Hum Gene Ther 10:641 648, 1999; Ali et al., Hum Mol Genet 5:591 594, 1996; Srivastava in WO 93/09239, Samulski et al., J. Vir. (1989) 63:3822-3828; Mendelson et al, Virol. (1988) 166:154-165; and Flotte et al., PNAS (1993) 90:10613-10617); SV40; herpes simplex virus; human immunodeficiency virus (see, e.g., Miyoshi et al., PNAS 94:10319 23, 1997; Takahashi et al., J Virol 73:7812 7816, 1999); a retroviral vector (e.g., Murine Leukemia Virus, spleen necrosis virus, and vectors derived from retroviruses such as Rous Sarcoma Virus, Harvey Sarcoma Virus, avian leukosis virus, a lentivirus, human immunodeficiency virus, myeloproliferative sarcoma virus, and mammary tumor virus); and the like. Examples of vectors are pClneo vectors (Promega) for expression in mammalian cells; pLenti4/V5-DEST™, pLenti6/V5-DEST™, and pLenti6.2/V5-GW/lacZ (Invitrogen) for lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and expression in mammalian cells.

In some embodiments, the vector is a non-integrating vector, including but not limited to, an episomal vector or a vector that is maintained extrachromosomally. As used herein, the term “episomal” refers to a vector that is able to replicate without integration into host's chromosomal DNA and without gradual loss from a dividing host cell also meaning that said vector replicates extrachromosomally or episomally. The vector is engineered to harbor the sequence coding for the origin of DNA replication or “ori” from a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus, an adenovirus, SV40, a bovine papilloma virus, or a yeast, specifically a replication origin of a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus corresponding to oriP of EBV. In a particular aspect, the lymphotrophic herpes virus may be Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV), Herpes virus saimiri (HS), or Marek's disease virus (MDV). Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) are also examples of a gamma herpesvirus.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is introduced into a target or host cell using a transposon vector system. In certain embodiments, the transposon vector system comprises a vector comprising transposable elements and a polynucleotide contemplated herein; and a transposase. In one embodiment, the transposon vector system is a single transposase vector system, see, e.g., WO 2008/027384. Exemplary transposases include, but are not limited to: piggyBac, Sleeping Beauty, Mos1, Tc1/mariner, Tol2, mini-Tol2, Tc3, MuA, Himar I, Frog Prince, and derivatives thereof. The piggyBac transposon and transposase are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,810, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The Sleeping Beauty transposon and transposase are described, for example, in Izsvak et al., J. Mol. Biol. 302: 93-102 (2000), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The Tol2 transposon which was first isolated from the medaka fish Oryzias latipes and belongs to the hAT family of transposons is described in Kawakami et al. (2000). Mini-To12 is a variant of Tol2 and is described in Balciunas et al. (2006). The Tol2 and Mini-Tol2 transposons facilitate integration of a transgene into the genome of an organism when co-acting with the Tol2 transposase. The Frog Prince transposon and transposase are described, for example, in Miskey et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 31:6873-6881 (2003).

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein is operably linked to a control element, e.g., a transcriptional control element, such as a promoter. “Control elements” refer those non-translated regions of the vector (e.g., origin of replication, selection cassettes, promoters, enhancers, translation initiation signals (Shine Dalgarno sequence or Kozak sequence) introns, a polyadenylation sequence, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions) which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements may vary in their strength and specificity. The transcriptional control element may be functional in either a eukaryotic cell (e.g., a mammalian cell) or a prokaryotic cell (e.g., bacterial or archaeal cell). In some embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein is operably linked to multiple control elements that allow expression of the polynucleotide in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Depending on the cell type and gene-regulating system utilized, any of a number of suitable transcription and translation control elements, including constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancer elements, transcription terminators, etc. may be used in the expression vector (see e.g., Bitter et al. (1987) Methods in Enzymology, 153:516-544). The term “promoter” as used herein refers to a recognition site of a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) to which an RNA polymerase binds. An RNA polymerase initiates and transcribes polynucleotides operably linked to the promoter. In particular embodiments, promoters operative in mammalian cells comprise an AT-rich region located approximately 25 to 30 bases upstream from the site where transcription is initiated and/or another sequence found 70 to 80 bases upstream from the start of transcription, a CNCAAT region where N may be any nucleotide. The term “enhancer” refers to a segment of DNA which contains sequences capable of providing enhanced transcription and in some instances can function independent of their orientation relative to another control sequence. An enhancer can function cooperatively or additively with promoters and/or other enhancer elements.

In some embodiments, polynucleotides encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein are operably linked to a promoter. The term “operably linked”, refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. In one embodiment, the term refers to a functional linkage between a nucleic acid expression control sequence (such as a promoter, and/or enhancer) and a second polynucleotide sequence, e.g., a polynucleotide encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system, wherein the expression control sequence directs transcription of the nucleic acid corresponding to the second sequence.

Non-limiting examples of suitable eukaryotic promoters (promoters functional in a eukaryotic cell) include those from cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early, herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase, a viral simian virus 40 (SV40) (e.g., early and late SV40), a spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) promoter, long terminal repeats (LTRs) from retrovirus (e.g., a Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) LTR promoter or a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) LTR), a herpes simplex virus (HSV) (thymidine kinase) promoter, H5, P7.5, and P11 promoters from vaccinia virus, an elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α) promoter, early growth response 1 (EGR1) promoter, a ferritin H (FerH) promoter, a ferritin L (FerL) promoter, a Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) promoter, a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 (EIF4A1) promoter, a heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) promoter, a heat shock protein 90 kDa beta, member 1 (HSP90B1) promoter, a heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) promoter, a β-kinesin (β-KIN) promoter, the human ROSA 26 locus (Irions et al., Nature Biotechnology 25, 1477-1482 (2007)), a Ubiquitin C (UBC) promoter, a phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK) promoter, a cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken β-actin (CAG) promoter, a β-actin promoter and a myeloproliferative sarcoma virus enhancer, negative control region deleted, d1587rev primer-binding site substituted (MND) promoter, and mouse metallothionein-1. Selection of the appropriate vector and promoter is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art. The expression vector may also contain a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription terminator. The expression vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression. The expression vector may also include nucleotide sequences encoding protein tags (e.g., 6×His tag, hemagglutinin tag, green fluorescent protein, etc.) that are fused to the site-directed modifying polypeptide, thus resulting in a chimeric polypeptide.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein is operably linked to a constitutive promoter. In such embodiments, the polynucleotides encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein are constitutively and/or ubiquitously expressed in a cell.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein is operably linked to an inducible promoter. In such embodiments, polynucleotides encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein are conditionally expressed. As used herein, “conditional expression” may refer to any type of conditional expression including, but not limited to, inducible expression; repressible expression; expression in cells or tissues having a particular physiological, biological, or disease state (e.g., cell type or tissue specific expression) etc. Illustrative examples of inducible promoters/systems include, but are not limited to, steroid-inducible promoters such as promoters for genes encoding glucocorticoid or estrogen receptors (inducible by treatment with the corresponding hormone), metallothionine promoter (inducible by treatment with various heavy metals), MX-1 promoter (inducible by interferon), the “GeneSwitch” mifepristone-regulatable system (Sirin et al., 2003, Gene, 323:67), the cumate inducible gene switch (WO 2002/088346), tetracycline-dependent regulatory systems, etc.

In some embodiments, the vectors described herein further comprise a transcription termination signal. Elements directing the efficient termination and polyadenylation of the heterologous nucleic acid transcripts increases heterologous gene expression. Transcription termination signals are generally found downstream of the polyadenylation signal. In particular embodiments, vectors comprise a polyadenylation sequence 3′ of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide to be expressed. The term “polyA site” or “polyA sequence” as used herein denotes a DNA sequence which directs both the termination and polyadenylation of the nascent RNA transcript by RNA polymerase II. Polyadenylation sequences can promote mRNA stability by addition of a polyA tail to the 3′ end of the coding sequence and thus, contribute to increased translational efficiency. Cleavage and polyadenylation is directed by a poly(A) sequence in the RNA. The core poly(A) sequence for mammalian pre-mRNAs has two recognition elements flanking a cleavage-polyadenylation site. Typically, an almost invariant AAUAAA hexamer lies 20-50 nucleotides upstream of a more variable element rich in U or GU residues. Cleavage of the nascent transcript occurs between these two elements and is coupled to the addition of up to 250 adenosines to the 5′ cleavage product. In particular embodiments, the core poly(A) sequence is an ideal polyA sequence (e.g., AATAAA, ATTAAA, AGTAAA). In particular embodiments, the poly(A) sequence is an SV40 polyA sequence, a bovine growth hormone polyA sequence (BGHpA), a rabbit β-globin polyA sequence (rβgpA), variants thereof, or another suitable heterologous or endogenous polyA sequence known in the art.

In some embodiments, a vector may also comprise a sequence encoding a signal peptide (e.g., for nuclear localization, nucleolar localization, mitochondrial localization), fused to the polynucleotide encoding the one or more components of the system. For example, a vector may comprise a nuclear localization sequence (e.g., from SV40) fused to the polynucleotide encoding the one or more components of the system.

Methods of introducing polynucleotides and recombinant vectors into a host cell are known in the art, and any known method can be used to introduce components of a gene-regulating system into a cell. Suitable methods include e.g., viral or bacteriophage infection, transfection, conjugation, protoplast fusion, lipofection, electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethyleneimine (PEI)-mediated transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, liposome-mediated transfection, particle gun technology, calcium phosphate precipitation, direct micro injection, nanoparticle-mediated nucleic acid delivery (see, e.g., Panyam et al., Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012 Sep. 13. pii: 50169-409X(12)00283-9), microfluidics delivery methods (See e.g., International PCT Publication No. WO 2013/059343), and the like. In some embodiments, delivery via electroporation comprises mixing the cells with the components of a gene-regulating system in a cartridge, chamber, or cuvette and applying one or more electrical impulses of defined duration and amplitude. In some embodiments, cells are mixed with components of a gene-regulating system in a vessel connected to a device (e.g., a pump) which feeds the mixture into a cartridge, chamber, or cuvette wherein one or more electrical impulses of defined duration and amplitude are applied, after which the cells are delivered to a second vessel. Illustrative examples of polynucleotide delivery systems suitable for use in particular embodiments contemplated in particular embodiments include, but are not limited to, those provided by Amaxa Biosystems, Maxcyte, Inc., BTX Molecular Delivery Systems, Neon™ Transfection Systems, and Copernicus Therapeutics Inc. Lipofection reagents are sold commercially (e.g., Transfectam™ and Lipofectin™). Cationic and neutral lipids that are suitable for efficient lipofection of polynucleotides have been described in the literature. See e.g., Liu et al. (2003) Gene Therapy. 10:180-187; and Balazs et al. (2011) Journal of Drug Delivery. 2011:1-12.

In some embodiments, vectors comprising polynucleotides encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein are introduced to cells by viral delivery methods, e.g., by viral transduction. In some embodiments, vectors comprising polynucleotides encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein are introduced to cells by non-viral delivery methods. Illustrative methods of non-viral delivery of polynucleotides contemplated in particular embodiments include, but are not limited to: electroporation, sonoporation, lipofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, nanoparticles, polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conjugates, naked DNA, artificial virions, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfer, gene gun, and heat-shock.

In some embodiments, one or more components of a gene-regulating system, or polynucleotide sequence encoding one or more components of a gene-regulating system described herein are introduced to a cell in a non-viral delivery vehicle, such as a transposon, a nanoparticle (e.g., a lipid nanoparticle), a liposome, an exosome, an attenuated bacterium, or a virus-like particle. In some embodiments, the vehicle is an attenuated bacterium (e.g., naturally or artificially engineered to be invasive but attenuated to prevent pathogenesis including Listeria monocytogenes, certain Salmonella strains, Bifidobacterium longum, and modified Escherichia coli), bacteria having nutritional and tissue-specific tropism to target specific cells, and bacteria having modified surface proteins to alter target cell specificity. In some embodiments, the vehicle is a genetically modified bacteriophage (e.g., engineered phages having large packaging capacity, less immunogenicity, containing mammalian plasmid maintenance sequences and having incorporated targeting ligands). In some embodiments, the vehicle is a mammalian virus-like particle. For example, modified viral particles can be generated (e.g., by purification of the “empty” particles followed by ex vivo assembly of the virus with the desired cargo). The vehicle can also be engineered to incorporate targeting ligands to alter target tissue specificity. In some embodiments, the vehicle is a biological liposome. For example, the biological liposome is a phospholipid-based particle derived from human cells (e.g., erythrocyte ghosts, which are red blood cells broken down into spherical structures derived from the subject and wherein tissue targeting can be achieved by attachment of various tissue or cell-specific ligands), secretory exosomes, or subjectiderived membrane-bound nanovescicles (30-100 nm) of endocytic origin (e.g., can be produced from various cell types and can therefore be taken up by cells without the need for targeting ligands).

V. Methods of Producing Modified Immune Effector Cells

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for producing modified immune effector cells. In some embodiments, the methods comprise introducing a gene-regulating system into a population of immune effector cells wherein the gene-regulating system is capable of reducing expression and/or function of one or more endogenous target genes.

The components of the gene-regulating systems described herein, e.g., a nucleic acid-, protein-, or nucleic acid/protein-based system can be introduced into target cells in a variety of forms using a variety of delivery methods and formulations. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding one or more components of the system is delivered by a recombinant vector (e.g., a viral vector or plasmid, described supra). In some embodiments, where the system comprises more than a single component, a vector may comprise a plurality of polynucleotides, each encoding a component of the system. In some embodiments, where the system comprises more than a single component, a plurality of vectors may be used, wherein each vector comprises a polynucleotide encoding a particular component of the system. In some embodiments, the introduction of the gene-regulating system to the cell occurs in vitro. In some embodiments, the introduction of the gene-regulating system to the cell occurs in vivo. In some embodiments, the introduction of the gene-regulating system to the cell occurs ex vivo.

In particular embodiments, the introduction of the gene-regulating system to the cell occurs in vitro or ex vivo. In some embodiments, the immune effector cells are modified in vitro or ex vivo without further manipulation in culture. For example, in some embodiments, the methods of producing a modified immune effector cell described herein comprise introduction of a gene-regulating system in vitro or ex vivo without additional activation and/or expansion steps. In some embodiments, the immune effector cells are modified and are further manipulated in vitro or ex vivo. For example, in some embodiments, the immune effector cells are activated and/or expanded in vitro or ex vivo prior to introduction of a gene-regulating system. In some embodiments, a gene-regulating system is introduced to the immune effector cells and are then activated and/or expanded in vitro or ex vivo. In some embodiments, successfully modified cells can be sorted and/or isolated (e.g., by flow cytometry) from unsuccessfully modified cells to produce a purified population of modified immune effector cells. These successfully modified cells can then be further propagated to increase the number of the modified cells and/or cryopreserved for future use.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for producing modified immune effector cells comprising obtaining a population of immune effector cells. The population of immune effector cells may be cultured in vitro under various culture conditions necessary to support growth, for example, at an appropriate temperature (e.g., 37° C.) and atmosphere (e.g., air plus 5% CO2) and in an appropriate culture medium. Culture medium may be liquid or semi-solid, e.g. containing agar, methylcellulose, etc. Illustrative examples of cell culture media include Minimal Essential Media (MEM), Iscove's modified DMEM, RPMI 1640Clicks, AIM-V, F-12, X-Vivo 15, X-Vivo 20, and Optimizer, with added amino acids, sodium pyruvate, and vitamins, either serum-free or supplemented with an appropriate amount of serum (or plasma) or a defined set of hormones, and/or an amount of cytokine(s) sufficient for the growth and expansion of the immune effector cells.

Culture media may be supplemented with one or more factors necessary for proliferation and viability including, but not limited to, growth factors such as serum (e.g., fetal bovine or human serum at about 5%-10%), interleukin-2 (IL-2), insulin, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-7, IL-21, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, TGFβ, and TNF-α. Illustrative examples of other additives for T cell expansion include, but are not limited to, surfactant, piasmanate, pH buffers such as HEPES, and reducing agents such as N-acetyl-cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol, or any other additives suitable for the growth of cells known to the skilled artisan such as L-glutamine, a thiol, particularly 2-mercaptoethanol, and/or antibiotics, e.g. penicillin and streptomycin. Typically, antibiotics are included only in experimental cultures, not in cultures of cells that are to be infused into a subject.

In some embodiments, the population of immune effector cells is obtained from a sample derived from a subject. In some embodiments, a population of immune effector cells is obtained is obtained from a first subject and the population of modified immune effector cells produced by the methods described herein is administered to a second, different subject. In some embodiments, a population of immune effector cells is obtained from a subject and the population of modified immune effector cells produced by the methods described herein is administered to the same subject. In some embodiments, the sample is a tissue sample, a fluid sample, a cell sample, a protein sample, or a DNA or RNA sample. In some embodiments, a tissue sample may be derived from any tissue type including, but not limited to skin, hair (including roots), bone marrow, bone, muscle, salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (e.g., tissue from the duodenum, jejunum, or ileum), large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, lung, kidney, bladder, uterus, ovary, vagina, placenta, testes, thyroid, adrenal gland, cardiac tissue, thymus, spleen, lymph node, spinal cord, brain, eye, ear, tongue, cartilage, white adipose tissue, or brown adipose tissue. In some embodiments, a tissue sample may be derived from a cancerous, pre-cancerous, or non-cancerous tumor. In some embodiments, a fluid sample comprises buccal swabs, blood, plasma, oral mucous, vaginal mucous, peripheral blood, cord blood, saliva, semen, urine, ascites fluid, pleural fluid, spinal fluid, pulmonary lavage, tears, sweat, semen, seminal fluid, seminal plasma, prostatic fluid, pre-ejaculatory fluid (Cowper's fluid), excreta, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, cell culture media comprising one or more populations of cells, buffered solutions comprising one or more populations of cells, and the like.

In some embodiments, the sample is processed to enrich or isolate a population of immune effector cells from the remainder of the sample. In certain embodiments, the sample is a peripheral blood sample which is then subject to leukapheresis to separate the red blood cells and platelets and to isolate lymphocytes. In some embodiments, the sample is a leukopak from which immune effector cells can be isolated or enriched. In some embodiments, the sample is a tumor sample that is further processed to isolate lymphocytes present in the tumor (i.e., by fragmentation and enzymatic digestion of the tumor to obtain a cell suspension of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes).

In some embodiments, a method for manufacturing modified immune effector cells contemplated herein comprises activation and/or expansion of a population of immune effector cells, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,352,694; 6,534,055; 6,905,680; 6,692,964; 5,858,358; 6,887,466; 6,905,681; 7,144,575; 7,067,318; 7,172,869; 7,232,566; 7,175,843; 5,883,223; 6,905,874; 6,797,514; 6,867,041; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060121005.

In various embodiments, a method for manufacturing modified immune effector cells contemplated herein comprises activating a population of cells comprising immune effector cells. In particular embodiments, the immune effector cells are T cells. T cell activation can be accomplished by providing a primary stimulation signal (e.g., through the T cell TCR/CD3 complex or via stimulation of the CD2 surface protein) and by providing a secondary co-stimulation signal through an accessory molecule.

In some embodiments, the TCR/CD3 complex may be stimulated by contacting the T cell with a suitable CD3 binding agent, e.g., a CD3 ligand or an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. Illustrative examples of CD3 antibodies include, but are not limited to, OKT3, G19-4, BC3, CRIS-7 and 64.1. In some embodiments, a CD2 binding agent may be used to provide a primary stimulation signal to the T cells. Illustrative examples of CD2 binding agents include, but are not limited to, CD2 ligands and anti-CD2 antibodies, e.g., the T11.3 antibody in combination with the T11.1 or T11.2 antibody (Meuer, S. C. et al. (1984) Cell 36:897-906) and the 9.6 antibody (which recognizes the same epitope as TI 1.1) in combination with the 9-1 antibody (Yang, S. Y. et al. (1986) J. Immunol. 137:1097-1100).

In addition to the stimulatory signal provided through the TCR/CD3 complex or CD2, induction of T cell responses typically requires a second, costimulatory signal provided by a ligand that specifically binds a costimulatory molecule on a T cell, thereby providing a costimulatory signal which, in addition to the primary signal provided by, for instance, binding of a TCR/CD3 complex, mediates a desired T cell response. Suitable costimulatory ligands include, but are not limited to, CD7, B7-1 (CD80), B7-2 (CD86), 4-1BBL, OX40L, inducible costimulatory ligand (ICOS-L), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), CD30L, CD40, CD70, CD83, HLA-G, MICA, MICB, HVEM, lymphotoxin beta receptor, ILT3, ILT4, an agonist or antibody that binds Toll ligand receptor, and a ligand that specifically binds with B7-H3.

In some embodiments, a costimulatory ligand comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to a costimulatory molecule present on a T cell, including but not limited to, CD27, CD28, 4-1BB, OX40, CD30, CD40, ICOS, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3, and a ligand that specifically binds with CD83. In particular embodiments, a CD28 binding agent can be used to provide a costimulatory signal. Illustrative examples of CD28 binding agents include but are not limited to: natural CD28 ligands, e.g., a natural ligand for CD28 (e.g., a member of the B7 family of proteins, such as B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86); and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof capable of crosslinking the CD28 molecule, e.g., monoclonal antibodies 9.3, B-T3, XR-CD28, KOLT-2, 15E8, 248.23.2, and EX5.3D10.

In certain embodiments, binding agents that provide stimulatory and costimulatory signals are localized on the surface of a cell. This can be accomplished by transfecting or transducing a cell with a nucleic acid encoding the binding agent in a form suitable for its expression on the cell surface or alternatively by coupling a binding agent to the cell surface. In some embodiments, the costimulatory signal is provided by a costimulatory ligand presented on an antigen presenting cell, such as an artificial APC (aAPC). Artificial APCs can be made by engineering K562, U937, 721.221, T2, or C1R cells to stably express and/or secrete of a variety of costimulatory molecules and cytokines to support ex vivo growth and long-term expansion of genetically modified T cells. In a particular embodiment, K32 or U32 aAPCs are used to direct the display of one or more antibody-based stimulatory molecules on the aAPC cell surface. Populations of T cells can be expanded by aAPCs expressing a variety of costimulatory molecules including, but not limited to, CD137L (4-1BBL), CD134L (OX40L), and/or CD80 or CD86. Exemplary aAPCs are provided in WO 03/057171 and US2003/0147869, incorporated by reference in their entireties.

In some embodiments, binding agents that provide activating and costimulatory signals are localized a solid surface (e.g., a bead or a plate). In some embodiments, the binding agents that provide activating and costimulatory signals are both provided in a soluble form (provided in solution).

In some embodiments, the population of immune effector cells is expanded in culture in one or more expansion phases. “Expansion” refers to culturing the population of immune effector cells for a pre-determined period of time in order to increase the number of immune effector cells. Expansion of immune effector cells may comprise addition of one or more of the activating factors described above and/or addition of one or more growth factors such as a cytokine (e.g., IL-2, IL-15, IL-21, and/or IL-7) to enhance or promote cell proliferation and/or survival. In some embodiments, combinations of IL-2, IL-15, and/or IL-21 can be added to the cultures during the one or more expansion phases. In some embodiments, the amount of IL-2 added during the one or more expansion phases is less than 6000 U/mL. In some embodiments, the amount of IL-2 added during the one or more expansion phases is about 5500 U/mL, about 5000 U/mL, about 4500 U/mL, about 4000 U/mL, about 3500 U/mL, about 3000 U/mL, about 2500 U/mL, about 2000 U/mL, about 1500 U/mL, about 1000 U/mL, or about 500 U/mL. In some embodiments, the amount of IL-2 added during the one or more expansion phases is between about 500 U/mL and about 5500 U/mL. In some embodiments, the population of immune effector cells may be co-cultured with feeder cells during the expansion process.

In some embodiments, the population of immune effector cells is expanded for a pre-determined period of time, wherein the pre-determined period of time is less than about 30 days. In some embodiments, the pre-determined period of time is less than 30 days, less than 25 days, less than 20 days, less than 18 days, less than 15 days, or less than 10 days. In some embodiments, the pre-determined period of time is less than 4 weeks, less than 3 weeks, less than 2 weeks, or less than 1 week. In some embodiments, the pre-determined period of time is about 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, 20 days, or 21 days. In some embodiments, the pre-determined period of time is about 5 days to about 25 days, about 10 to about 28 days, about 10 to about 25 days, about 10 to about 21 days, about 10 to about 20 days, about 10 to about 19 days, about 11 to about 28 days, about 11 to about 25 days, about 11 to about 21 days, about 11 to about 20 days, about 11 to about 19 days, about 12 to about 28 days, about 12 to about 25 days, about 12 to about 21 days, about 12 to about 20 days, about 12 to about 19 days, about 15 to about 28 days, about 15 to about 25 days, about 15 to about 21 days, about 15 to about 20 days, or about 15 to about 19 days. In some embodiments, the pre-determined period of time is about 5 days to about 10 days, about 10 days to about 15 days, about 15 days to about 20 days, or about 20 days to about 25 days.

In some embodiments, the population of immune effector cells is expanded until the number of cells reaches a pre-determined threshold. For example, in some embodiments, the population of immune effector cells is expanded until the culture comprises at least 5×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 5×10⁷, 1×10⁸, 5×10⁸, 1×10⁹, 5×10⁹, 1×10¹⁰, 5×10¹⁰, 1×10¹¹, 5×10¹¹, 1×10¹², 5×10¹², 1×10¹³, or at least 5×10¹³ total cells. In some embodiments, the population of immune effector cells is expanded until the culture comprises between about 1×10⁹ total cells and about 1×10¹¹ total cells.

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise at least two expansion phases. For example, in some embodiments, the population of immune effector cells can be expanded after isolation from a sample, allowed to rest, and then expanded again. In some embodiments, the immune effector cells can be expanded in one set of expansion conditions followed by a second round of expansion in a second, different, set of expansion conditions. Methods for ex vivo expansion of immune cells are known in the art, for example, as described in US Patent Application Publication Nos. 2018-0207201, 20180282694 and 20170152478 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,383,099 and 8,034,334, herein incorporated by reference.

At any point during the activation and/or expansion processes, the gene-regulating systems described herein can be introduced to the immune effector cells to produce a population of modified immune effector cells. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells immediately after enrichment from a sample. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells before, during, or after the one or more expansion process. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells immediately after enrichment from a sample or harvest from a subject, and prior to any expansion rounds. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells after a first round of expansion and prior to a second round of expansion. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells after a first and a second round of expansion.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of manufacturing populations of modified immune effector cells comprising obtaining a population of immune effector cells, introducing a gene-regulating system described herein to the population of immune effector cells, and expanding the population of immune effector cells in one or more round of expansion. In some aspects of this embodiment, the population of immune effector cells is expanded in a first round of expansion prior to the introduction of the gene-regulating system and is expanded in a second round of expansion after the introduction of the gene-regulating system. In some aspects of this embodiment, the population of immune effector cells is expanded in a first round of expansion and a second round of expansion prior to the introduction of the gene-regulating system. In some aspects of this embodiment, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of immune effector cells prior to the first and second rounds of expansion.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein comprise removal of a tumor from a subject and processing of the tumor sample to obtain a population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (e.g., by fragmentation and enzymatic digestion of the tumor to obtain a cell suspension) introducing a gene-regulating system described herein to the population of immune effector cells, and expanding the population of immune effector cells in one or more round of expansion. In some aspects of this embodiment, the population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes is expanded in a first round of expansion prior to the introduction of the gene-regulating system and is expanded in a second round of expansion after the introduction of the gene-regulating system. In some aspects of this embodiment, the population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes is expanded in a first round of expansion and a second round of expansion prior to the introduction of the gene-regulating system. In some aspects of this embodiment, the gene-regulating system is introduced to the population of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes prior to the first and second rounds of expansion.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells produced by the methods described herein may be used immediately. In some embodiments, the manufacturing methods contemplated herein may further comprise cryopreservation of modified immune cells for storage and/or preparation for use in a subject. As used herein, “cryopreserving,” refers to the preservation of cells by cooling to sub-zero temperatures, such as (typically) 77 K or −196° C. (the boiling point of liquid nitrogen). In some embodiments, a method of storing modified immune effector cells comprises cryopreserving the immune effector cells such that the cells remain viable upon thawing. When needed, the cryopreserved modified immune effector cells can be thawed, grown and expanded for more such cells. Cryoprotective agents are often used at sub-zero temperatures to prevent the cells being preserved from damage due to freezing at low temperatures or warming to room temperature. Cryopreservative agents and optimal cooling rates can protect against cell injury. Cryoprotective agents which can be used include but are not limited to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Lovelock and Bishop, Nature, 1959; 183: 1394-1395; Ashwood-Smith, Nature, 1961; 190: 1204-1205), glycerol, polyvinylpyrrolidine (Rinfret, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1960; 85: 576), and polyethylene glycol (Sloviter and Ravdin, Nature, 1962; 196: 48). In some embodiments, the cells are frozen in 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 50% serum, 40% buffered medium, or some other such solution as is commonly used in the art to preserve cells at such freezing temperatures, and thawed in a manner as commonly known in the art for thawing frozen cultured cells.

A. Producing Modified Immune Effector Cells Using CRISPR/Cas Systems

In some embodiments, a method of producing a modified immune effector cell involves contacting a target DNA sequence with a complex comprising a gRNA and a Cas polypeptide. As discussed above, a gRNA and Cas polypeptide form a complex, wherein the DNA-binding domain of the gRNA targets the complex to a target DNA sequence and wherein the Cas protein (or heterologous protein fused to an enzymatically inactive Cas protein) modifies target DNA sequence. In some embodiments, this complex is formed intracellularly after introduction of the gRNA and Cas protein (or polynucleotides encoding the gRNA and Cas proteins) to a cell. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the Cas protein is a DNA nucleic acid and is introduced to the cell by transduction. In some embodiments, the Cas9 and gRNA components of a CRISPR/Cas gene editing system are encoded by a single polynucleotide molecule. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the Cas protein and gRNA component are comprised in a viral vector and introduced to the cell by viral transduction. In some embodiments, the Cas9 and gRNA components of a CRISPR/Cas gene editing system are encoded by different polynucleotide molecules. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the Cas protein is comprised in a first viral vector and the polynucleotide encoding the gRNA is comprised in a second viral vector. In some aspects of this embodiment, the first viral vector is introduced to a cell prior to the second viral vector. In some aspects of this embodiment, the second viral vector is introduced to a cell prior to the first viral vector. In such embodiments, integration of the vectors results in sustained expression of the Cas9 and gRNA components. However, sustained expression of Cas9 may lead to increased off-target mutations and cutting in some cell types. Therefore, in some embodiments, an mRNA nucleic acid sequence encoding the Cas protein may be introduced to the population of cells by transfection. In such embodiments, the expression of Cas9 will decrease over time, and may reduce the number of off target mutations or cutting sites. In some embodiments, the gRNA and Cas protein are introduced separately by electroporation.

In some embodiments, this complex is formed in a cell-free system by mixing the gRNA molecules and Cas proteins together and incubating for a period of time sufficient to allow complex formation. This pre-formed complex, comprising the gRNA and Cas protein and referred to herein as a CRISPR-ribonucleoprotein (CRISPR-RNP) can then be introduced to a cell in order to modify a target DNA sequence. In some embodiments, the CRISPR-RNP is introduced to the cell by electroporation.

In any of the above described embodiments for producing a modified immune effector cell using the CRISPR/Cas system, the system may comprise one or more gRNAs targeting a single endogenous target gene, for example to produce a single-edited modified immune effector cell. Alternatively, in any of the above described embodiments for producing a modified immune effect cell using the CRISPR/Cas system, the system may comprise two or more gRNAs targeting two or more endogenous target genes, for example to produce a dual-edited modified immune effector cell.

B. Producing Modified Immune Effector Cells Using shRNA Systems

In some embodiments, a method of producing a modified immune effector cell introducing into the cell one or more DNA polynucleotides encoding one or more shRNA molecules with sequence complementary to the mRNA transcript of a target gene. The immune effector cell can be modified to produce the shRNA by introducing specific DNA sequences into the cell nucleus via a small gene cassette. Both retroviruses and lentiviruses can be used to introduce shRNA-encoding DNAs into immune effector cells. The introduced DNA can either become part of the cell's own DNA or persist in the nucleus, and instructs the cell machinery to produce shRNAs. shRNAs may be processed by Dicer or AGO2-mediated slicer activity inside the cell to induce RNAi mediated gene knockdown.

VI. Compositions and Kits

The term “composition” as used herein refers to a formulation of a gene-regulating system or a modified immune effector cell described herein that is capable of being administered or delivered to a subject or cell. Typically, formulations include all physiologically acceptable compositions including derivatives and/or prodrugs, solvates, stereoisomers, racemates, or tautomers thereof with any physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, and/or excipients. A “therapeutic composition” or “pharmaceutical composition” (used interchangeably herein) is a composition of a gene-regulating system or a modified immune effector cell capable of being administered to a subject for the treatment of a particular disease or disorder or contacted with a cell for modification of one or more endogenous target genes.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

As used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient” includes without limitation any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye/colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, surfactant, and/or emulsifier which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in humans and/or domestic animals. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, to sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; cocoa butter, waxes, animal and vegetable fats, paraffins, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, zinc oxide; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and any other compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. Except insofar as any conventional media and/or agent is incompatible with the agents of the present disclosure, its use in therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients also can be incorporated into the compositions.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid and base addition salts. Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the protein) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, camphoric acid, camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid, 2-oxo-glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, isobutyric acid, lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, mucic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, oleic acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, propionic acid, pyroglutamic acid, pyruvic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, ptoluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, undecylenic acid, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as ammonia, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, deanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, benethamine, benzathine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Particularly preferred organic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine.

Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Further guidance regarding formulations that are suitable for various types of administration can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mace Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pa., 17th ed. (1985). For a brief review of methods for drug delivery, see, Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990).

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides kits for carrying out a method described herein. In some embodiments, a kit can include:

(a) one or more nucleic acid molecules capable of reducing the expression or modifying the function of a gene product encoded by one or more endogenous target genes;

(b) one or more polynucleotides encoding a nucleic acid molecule that is capable of reducing the expression or modifying the function of a gene product encoded by one or more endogenous target genes;

(c) one or more proteins capable of reducing the expression or modifying the function of a gene product encoded by one or more endogenous target genes;

(d) one or more polynucleotides encoding a modifying protein that is capable of reducing the expression or modifying the function of a gene product encoded by one or more endogenous target genes;

(e) one or more gRNAs capable of binding to a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(f) one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more gRNAs capable of binding to a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(g) one or more site-directed modifying polypeptides capable of interacting with a gRNA and modifying a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(h) one or more polynucleotides encoding a site-directed modifying polypeptide capable of interacting with a gRNA and modifying a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(i) one or more guide DNAs (gDNAs) capable of binding to a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(j) one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more gDNAs capable of binding to a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(k) one or more site-directed modifying polypeptides capable of interacting with a gDNA and modifying a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(l) one or more polynucleotides encoding a site-directed modifying polypeptide capable of interacting with a gDNA and modifying a target DNA sequence in an endogenous gene;

(m) one or more gRNAs capable of binding to a target mRNA sequence encoded by an endogenous gene;

(n) one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more gRNAs capable of binding to a target mRNA sequence encoded by an endogenous gene;

(o) one or more site-directed modifying polypeptides capable of interacting with a gRNA and modifying a target mRNA sequence encoded by an endogenous gene;

(p) one or more polynucleotides encoding a site-directed modifying polypeptide capable of interacting with a gRNA and modifying a target mRNA sequence encoded by an endogenous gene;

(q) a modified immune effector cell described herein; or

(r) any combination of the above.

In some embodiments, the kits described herein further comprise one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors. Several immune checkpoint inhibitors are known in the art and have received FDA approval for the treatment of one or more cancers. For example, FDA-approved PD-L1 inhibitors include Atezolizumab (Tecentriq®, Genentech), Avelumab (Bavencio®, Pfizer), and Durvalumab (Imfinzi®, AstraZeneca); FDA-approved PD-1 inhibitors include Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®, Merck) and Nivolumab (Opdivo®, Bristol-Myers Squibb); and FDA-approved CTLA4 inhibitors include Ipilimumab (Yervoy®, Bristol-Myers Squibb). Additional inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules that may be the target of future therapeutics include A2AR, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, IDO, LAG3 (e.g., BMS-986016, under development by BSM), KIR (e.g., Lirilumab, under development by BSM), TIM3, TIGIT, and VISTA.

In some embodiments, the kits described herein comprise one or more components of a gene-regulating system (or one or more polynucleotides encoding the one or more components) and one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors known in the art (e.g., a PD1 inhibitor, a CTLA4 inhibitor, a PDL1 inhibitor, etc.). In some embodiments, the kits described herein comprise one or more components of a gene-regulating system (or one or more polynucleotides encoding the one or more components) and an anti-PD1 antibody (e.g., Pembrolizumab or Nivolumab). In some embodiments, the kits described herein comprise a modified immune effector cell described herein (or population thereof) and one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors known in the art (e.g., a PD1 inhibitor, a CTLA4 inhibitor, a PDL1 inhibitor, etc.). In some embodiments, the kits described herein comprise a modified immune effector cell described herein (or population thereof) and an anti-PD1 antibody (e.g., Pembrolizumab or Nivolumab).

In some embodiments, the kit comprises one or more components of a gene-regulating system (or one or more polynucleotides encoding the one or more components) and a reagent for reconstituting and/or diluting the components. In some embodiments, a kit comprising one or more components of a gene-regulating system (or one or more polynucleotides encoding the one or more components) and further comprises one or more additional reagents, where such additional reagents can be selected from: a buffer for introducing the gene-regulating system into a cell; a wash buffer; a control reagent; a control expression vector or RNA polynucleotide; a reagent for in vitro production of the gene-regulating system from DNA, and the like. Components of a kit can be in separate containers or can be combined in a single container.

In addition to above-mentioned components, in some embodiments a kit further comprises instructions for using the components of the kit to practice the methods of the present disclosure. The instructions for practicing the methods are generally recorded on a suitable recording medium. For example, the instructions may be printed on a substrate, such as paper or plastic, etc. As such, the instructions may be present in the kits as a package insert or in the labeling of the container of the kit or components thereof (i.e., associated with the packaging or sub-packaging). In other embodiments, the instructions are present as an electronic storage data file present on a suitable computer readable storage medium, e.g. CD-ROM, diskette, flash drive, etc. In yet other embodiments, the actual instructions are not present in the kit, but means for obtaining the instructions from a remote source, e.g. via the internet, are provided. An example of this embodiment is a kit that includes a web address where the instructions can be viewed and/or from which the instructions can be downloaded. As with the instructions, this means for obtaining the instructions is recorded on a suitable substrate.

VII. Therapeutic Methods and Applications

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells and gene-regulating systems described herein may be used in a variety of therapeutic applications. For example, in some embodiments the modified immune effector cells and/or gene-regulating systems described herein may be administered to a subject for purposes such as gene therapy, e.g. to treat a disease, for use as an antiviral, for use as an anti-pathogenic, for use as an anti-cancer therapeutic, or for biological research.

In some embodiments, the subject may be a neonate, a juvenile, or an adult. Of particular interest are mammalian subjects. Mammalian species that may be treated with the present methods include canines and felines; equines; bovines; ovines; etc. and primates, particularly humans. Animal models, particularly small mammals (e.g. mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, etc.) may be used for experimental investigations.

Administration of the modified immune effector cells described herein, populations thereof, and compositions thereof can occur by injection, irrigation, inhalation, consumption, electro-osmosis, hemodialysis, iontophoresis, and other methods known in the art. In some embodiments, administration route is local or systemic. In some embodiments administration route is intraarterial, intracranial, intradermal, intraduodenal, intrammamary, intrameningeal, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intratumoral, intravenous, intravitreal, ophthalmic, parenteral, spinal, subcutaneous, ureteral, urethral, vaginal, or intrauterine.

In some embodiments, the administration route is by infusion (e.g., continuous or bolus). Examples of methods for local administration, that is, delivery to the site of injury or disease, include through an Ommaya reservoir, e.g. for intrathecal delivery (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,222,982 and 5,385,582, incorporated herein by reference); by bolus injection, e.g. by a syringe, e.g. into a joint; by continuous infusion, e.g. by cannulation, such as with convection (See e.g., US Patent Application Publication No. 2007-0254842, incorporated herein by reference); or by implanting a device upon which the cells have been reversibly affixed (see e.g. US Patent Application Publication Nos. 2008-0081064 and 2009-0196903, incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments, the administration route is by topical administration or direct injection. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein may be provided to the subject alone or with a suitable substrate or matrix, e.g. to support their growth and/or organization in the tissue to which they are being transplanted.

In some embodiments, at least 1×10³ cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, at least 5×10³ cells, 1×10⁴ cells, 5×10⁴ cells, 1×10⁵ cells, 5×10⁵ cells, 1×10⁶, 2×10⁶, 3×10⁶, 4×10⁶, 5×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 1×10⁸, 5×10⁸, 1×10⁹, 5×10⁹, 1×10¹⁰, 5×10¹⁰, 1×10¹¹, 5×10¹¹, 1×10¹², 5×10¹², or more cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, between about 1×10⁷ and about 1×10¹² cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, between about 1×10⁸ and about 1×10¹² cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, between about 1×10⁹ and about 1×10¹² cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, between about 1×10¹⁰ and about 1×10¹² cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, between about 1×10¹¹ and about 1×10¹² cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, between about 1×10⁷ and about 1×10¹¹ cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, between about 1×10⁷ and about 1×10¹⁰ cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, between about 1×10⁷ and about 1×10⁹ cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, between about 1×10⁷ and about 1×10⁸ cells are administered to a subject. The number of administrations of treatment to a subject may vary. In some embodiments, introducing the modified immune effector cells into the subject may be a one-time event. In some embodiments, such treatment may require an on-going series of repeated treatments. In some embodiments, multiple administrations of the modified immune effector cells may be required before an effect is observed. The exact protocols depend upon the disease or condition, the stage of the disease and parameters of the individual subject being treated.

In some embodiments, the gene-regulating systems described herein are employed to modify cellular DNA or RNA in vivo, such as for gene therapy or for biological research. In such embodiments, a gene-regulating system may be administered directly to the subject, such as by the methods described supra. In some embodiments, the gene-regulating systems described herein are employed for the ex vivo or in vitro modification of a population of immune effector cells. In such embodiments, the gene-regulating systems described herein are administered to a sample comprising immune effector cells.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein administered to a subject are autologous immune effector cells. The term “autologous” in this context refers to cells that have been derived from the same subject to which they are administered. For example, immune effector cells may be obtained from a subject, modified ex vivo according to the methods described herein, and then administered to the same subject in order to treat a disease. In such embodiments, the cells administered to the subject are autologous immune effector cells. In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells, or compositions thereof, administered to a subject are allogenic immune effector cells. The term “allogenic” in this context refers to cells that have been derived from one subject and are administered to another subject. For example, immune effector cells may be obtained from a first subject, modified ex vivo according to the methods described herein and then administered to a second subject in order to treat a disease. In such embodiments, the cells administered to the subject are allogenic immune effector cells.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein are administered to a subject in order to treat a disease. In some embodiments, treatment comprises delivering an effective amount of a population of cells (e.g., a population of modified immune effector cells) or composition thereof to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, treating refers to the treatment of a disease in a mammal, e.g., in a human, including (a) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting disease development or preventing disease progression; (b) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease state or relieving one or more symptoms of the disease; and (c) curing the disease, i.e., remission of one or more disease symptoms. In some embodiments, treatment may refer to a short-term (e.g., temporary and/or acute) and/or a long-term (e.g., sustained) reduction in one or more disease symptoms. In some embodiments, treatment results in an improvement or remediation of the symptoms of the disease. The improvement is an observable or measurable improvement, or may be an improvement in the general feeling of well-being of the subject.

The effective amount of a modified immune effector cell administered to a particular subject will depend on a variety of factors, several of which will differ from patient to patient including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific agent(s) employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the timing of administration, route of administration; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination; the judgment of the prescribing physician; and like factors known in the medical arts.

In some embodiments, the effective amount of a modified immune effector cell may be the number of cells required to result in at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or more fold decrease in tumor mass or volume, decrease in the number of tumor cells, or decrease in the number of metastases. In some embodiments, the effective amount of a modified immune effector cell may be the number of cells required to achieve an increase in life expectancy, an increase in progression-free or disease-free survival, or amelioration of various physiological symptoms associated with the disease being treated. In some embodiments, an effective amount of modified immune effector cells will be at least 1×10³ cells, for example 5×10³ cells, 1×10⁴ cells, 5×10⁴ cells, 1×10⁵ cells, 5×10⁵ cells, 1×10⁶, 2×10⁶, 3×10⁶, 4×10⁶, 5×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 1×10⁸, 5×10⁸, 1×10⁹, 5×10⁹, 1×10¹⁰, 5×10¹⁰, 1×10¹¹, 5×10¹¹, 1×10¹², 5×10¹², or more cells.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells and gene-regulating systems described herein may be used in the treatment of a cell-proliferative disorder, such as a cancer. Cancers that may be treated using the compositions and methods disclosed herein include cancers of the blood and solid tumors. For example, cancers that may be treated using the compositions and methods disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, adenoma, carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia or lymphoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), neuroblastoma, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, sarcoma, prostate cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, astrocytoma, mesothelioma, head and neck cancer, and medulloblastoma, and liver cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from a melanoma, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is insensitive, or resistant, to treatment with a PD1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the cancer is insensitive, or resistant to treatment with a PD1 inhibitor and is selected from a melanoma, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer.

As described above, several immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently approved for use in a variety of oncologic indications (e.g., CTLA4 inhibitors, PD1 inhibitors, PDL1 inhibitors, etc.). In some embodiments, administration of a modified immune effector cell comprising reduced expression and/or function of an endogenous target gene described herein results in an enhanced therapeutic effect (e.g., a more significant reduction in tumor growth, an increase in tumor infiltration by lymphocytes, an increase in the length of progression free survival, etc.) than is observed after treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

Further, some oncologic indications are non-responsive (i.e., are insensitive) to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Further still, some oncologic indications that are initially responsive (i.e., sensitive) to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors develop an inhibitor-resistant phenotype during the course of treatment. Therefore, in some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells described herein, or compositions thereof, are administered to treat a cancer that is resistant (or partially resistant) or insensitive (or partially insensitive) to treatment with one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors. In some embodiments, administration of the modified immune effector cells or compositions thereof to a subject suffering from a cancer that is resistant (or partially resistant) or insensitive (or partially insensitive) to treatment with one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors results in treatment of the cancer (e.g., reduction in tumor growth, an increase in the length of progression free survival, etc.). In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant (or partially resistant) or insensitive (or partially insensitive) to treatment with a PD1 inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells or compositions thereof are administered in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor. In some embodiments, administration of the modified immune effector cells in combination with the immune checkpoint inhibitor results in an enhanced therapeutic effect in a cancer that is resistant, refractory, or insensitive to treatment by an immune checkpoint inhibitor than is observed by treatment with either the modified immune effector cells or the immune checkpoint inhibitor alone. In some embodiments, administration of the modified immune effector cells in combination with the immune checkpoint inhibitor results in an enhanced therapeutic effect in a cancer that is partially resistant, partially refractory, or partially insensitive to treatment by an immune checkpoint inhibitor than is observed by treatment with either the modified immune effector cells or the immune checkpoint inhibitor alone. In some embodiments, the cancer is resistant (or partially resistant), refractory (or partially refractory), or insensitive (or partially insensitive) to treatment with a PD1 inhibitor.

In some embodiments, administration of a modified immune effector cell described herein or composition thereof in combination with an anti-PD1 antibody results in an enhanced therapeutic effect in a cancer that is resistant or insensitive to treatment by the anti-PD1 antibody alone. In some embodiments, administration of a modified immune effector cell described herein or composition thereof in combination with an anti-PD1 antibody results in an enhanced therapeutic effect in a cancer that is partially resistant or partially insensitive to treatment by the anti-PD1 antibody alone.

Cancers that demonstrate resistance or sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibition are known in the art and can be tested in a variety of in vivo and in vitro models. For example, some melanomas are sensitive to treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor such as an anti-PD1 antibody and can be modeled in an in vivo B16-Ova tumor model (See Examples 6, 7, 16, and 19). Further, some colorectal cancers are known to be resistant to treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor such as an anti-PD1 antibody and can be modeled in a PMEL/MC38-gp100 model (See Examples 8 and 17). Further still, some lymphomas are known to be insensitive to treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor such as an anti-PD1 antibody and can be modeled in a various models by adoptive transfer or subcutaneous administration of lymphoma cell lines, such as Raji cells (See Examples 12, 14, 15, 21, and 22).

In some embodiments, the modified immune effector cells and gene-regulating systems described herein may be used in the treatment of a viral infection. In some embodiments, the virus is selected from one of adenoviruses, herpesviruses (including, for example, herpes simplex virus and Epstein Barr virus, and herpes zoster virus), poxviruses, papovaviruses, hepatitis viruses, (including, for example, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus), papilloma viruses, orthomyxoviruses (including, for example, influenza A, influenza B, and influenza C), paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, picornaviruses, reoviruses, togaviruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviridae, rhabdoviruses, rotavirus, respiratory syncitial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, or retroviruses.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All references, articles, publications, patents, patent publications, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes. However, mention of any reference, article, publication, patent, patent publication, and patent application cited herein is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that they constitute valid prior art or form part of the common general knowledge in any country in the world.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Materials and Methods

The experiments described herein utilize the CRISPR/Cas9 system to modulate expression of one or more endogenous target genes in different T cell populations.

I. Materials

gRNAs:

Unless otherwise indicated, all experiments use single-molecule gRNAs (sgRNAs). Dual gRNA molecules were used as indicated and were formed by duplexing 200 μM tracrRNA (IDT Cat #1072534) with 200 μM of target-specific crRNA (IDT) in nuclease free duplex buffer (IDT Cat #11-01-03-01) for 5 min at 95° C., to form 100 μM of tracrRNA:crRNA duplex, where the tracrRNA and crRNA are present at a 1:1 ratio. Targeting sequences of the gRNAs used in the following experiments are provided in Table 10 below.

TABLE 10 Experiment gRNA targeting-domain encoding sequences SEQ Target Gene Guide ID Sequence ID Pdcd1-murine Nm.Pdcd1 CGGAGGATCTTATGCTGAAC  778 Lag3-murine Nm.Lag3 GCCAAGTGGACTCCTCCTGG  602 Cblb-murine Nm.Cblb CCTTATCTTCAGTCACATGC  502 CBLB-human Nm.CBLB TAAACTTACCTGAAACAGCC  521 BCOR-human Nm.BCOR GTGCAGACTGGAGAATACAG  715 Zc3h12a-murine Nm.Zc3h12a TTCCCTCCTCTGCCAGCCAT 1505 ZC3H12A-human Nh.ZC3H12A_1 GGAGTGGAAGCGCTTCATCG 1434 Nr4a3-murine Nm.Nr4a3 GGCAGCGTTGTCGCCGCACA 1544 Map4k1-murine Nm.Map4k1 TTGCCGGCACGCCAACATCG 1515 OR1A2-human Nh.OR1A2_1 AGATGATGTCAACCAAGGAG 1574 Olfr421-mouse Nm.Olfr421_1 GGAAGAAGTACATCTGCAAG 1574

Cas9:

Cas9 was expressed in target cells by introduction of either Cas9 mRNA or a Cas9 protein. Unless otherwise indicated, Cas9-encoding mRNA comprising a nuclear localization sequence (Cas9-NLS mRNA) derived from S. pyogenes (Trilink L-7206) or Cas9 protein derived from S. pyogenes (IDT Cat #1074182) was used in the following experiments.

RNPs:

Human gRNA-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) were formed by combining 1.2 μL of 100 μM tracrRNA:crRNA duplex with 1 μL of 20 μM Cas9 protein and 0.8 μL of PBS. Mixtures were incubated at RT for 20 minutes to form the RNP complexes. Murine RNPs were formed by combining 1 Volume of 44 μM tracrRNA:crRNA duplex with 1 Volume of 36 μM Cas9. Mixtures were incubated at RT for 20 minutes to form the RNP complexes.

Mice:

Wild type CD8⁺ T cells were derived from C57BL/6J mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor Me.). Ovalbumin (Ova)-specific CD8⁺ T cells were derived from OT1 mice (C57BL/6-Tg(TcraTcrb) 1100Mjb/J; Jackson Laboratory). OT1 mice comprise a transgenic TCR that recognizes residues 257-264 of the ovalbumin (Ova) protein. gp100-specific CD8+ T cells were derived from PMEL mice (B6.Cg-Thy1<a>/CyTg(TcraTcrb) 8Rest/J; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor Me. Cat #005023). Mice constitutively expressing the Cas9 protein were obtain from Jackson labs (B6J.129(Cg)-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1.1(CAG-cas9*,-EGFP)Fezh/J; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor Me. Strain #026179), TCR-transgenic mice constitutively expressing Cas9 were obtained by breeding of OT1 and PMEL mice with Cas9 mice.

CAR Expression Constructs:

CARs specific for human CD19, Her2/Erbb2, and EGFR proteins were generated. Briefly, the 22 amino acid signal peptide of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor subunit alpha (GMSCF-Rα) was fused to an antigen-specific scFv domain specifically binding to one of CD19, Her2/Erbb2, or EGFR. The human CD8α stalk was used as a transmembrane domain. The intracellular signaling domains of the CD3 chain were fused to the cytoplasmic end of the CD8α stalk. For anti-CD19 CARs, the scFv was derived from the anti-human CD19 clone FMC63. To create a CAR specific for human HER2/ERBB2, the anti-human HER2 scFv derived from trastuzumab was used. Similarly, to generate a CAR specific for EGFR, the anti-EGFR scFv derived from cetuximab was used. A summary of exemplary CAR constructs is shown below and amino acid sequences of the full length CAR constructs are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 26, 28, and 30, and nucleic acid sequences of the full length CAR constructs are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 27, 29, and 31.

TABLE 11 Exemplary CAR constructs Ag-binding Intracellular Transmembrane AA NA CAR Ref ID Target domain Domain Domain SEQ ID SEQ ID KSQCAR017 human Cetuximab CD3 zeta CD8a hinge 26 27 EGFR H225 scFv KSQCAR1909 human FMC63 CD3 zeta CD8a hinge 28 28 CD19 scFv KSQCAR010 human Herceptin CD3 zeta CD8a hinge 30 31 HER2 scFv

Engineered TCRs Expression Constructs:

Recombinant TCRs specific for NY-ESO1, MART-1, and WT-1 were generated. Paired TCR-α:TCR-β variable region protein sequences encoding the 1G4 TCR specific for the NY-ESO-1 peptide SLLMWITQC (SEQ ID NO: 2), the DMF4 and DMF5 TCRs specific for the MART-1 peptide AAGIGILTV (SEQ ID NO: 3), and the DLT and high-affinity DLT TCRs specific for the WT-1 peptide, each presented by HLA-A*02:01, were identified from the literature (Robbins et al, Journal of Immunology 2008 180:6116-6131). TCRα chains were composed of V and J gene segments and CDR3α sequences and TCRβ chains were composed of V, D, and J gene segment and CDR3-β sequences. The native TRAC (SEQ ID NO: 22) and TRBC (SEQ ID NOs: 24) protein sequences were fused to the C-terminal ends of the α and β chain variable regions, respectively, to produce 1G4-TCR α/β chains (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12, respectively), 95:LY 1G4-TCR α/β chains (SEQ ID NOs: 14 and 13, respectively), DLT-TCR α/β chains (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 4, respectively), high-affinity DLT-TCR α/β chains (SEQ ID NOs: 8 and 7, respectively), DMF4-TCR α/β chains (SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 16, respectively), and DMF5-TCR α/β chains (SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 19, respectively).

Codon-optimized DNA sequences encoding the engineered TCRα and TCRβ chain proteins were generated where the P2A sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) was inserted between the DNA sequences encoding the TCRβ and the TCRα chain, such that expression of both TCR chains was driven off of a single promoter in a stoichiometric fashion. The expression cassettes encoding the engineered TCR chains therefore comprised the following format: TCRβ-P2A-TCRα. Final protein sequences for each TCR construct are provided in SEQ ID NO: 12 (1G4), SEQ ID NO: 15 (95:LY 1G4), SEQ ID NO: 6 (DLT), SEQ ID NO: 9 (high-affinity DLT), SEQ ID NO: 18 (DMF4), and SEQ ID NO: 21 (DMF5).

Lentiviral Expression of CAR and TCR Constructs:

The CAR and engineered TCR expression constructs described above were then inserted into a plasmid comprising an SFFV promoter driving expression of the engineered receptor, a T2A sequence, and a puromycin resistance cassette. Unless otherwise indicated, these plasmids further comprised a human or a murine (depending on the species the T cells were derived from) U6 promoter driving expression of one or more sgRNAs. Lentivirus constructs comprising an engineered TCR expression construct may further comprise an sgRNA targeting the endogenous TRAC gene, which encodes the constant region of the α chain of the T cell receptor. Lentiviruses encoding the engineered receptors described above were generated as follows. Briefly, 289×10⁶ of LentiX-293T cells were plated out in a 5-layer CellSTACK 24 hours prior to transfection. Serum-free OptiMEM and TransIT-293 were combined and incubated for 5 minutes before combining helper plasmids (58m VSVG and 115m PAX2-Gag-Pol) with 231 μg of an engineered receptor- and sgRNA-expressing plasmid described above. After 20 minutes, this mixture was added to the LentiX-293T cells with fresh media. Media was replaced 18 hours after transfection and viral supernatants were collected 48 hours post-transfection. Supernatants were treated with Benzonase® nuclease and passed through a 0.45 μm filter to isolate the viral particles. Virus particles were then concentrated by Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF), aliquoted, tittered, and stored at −80° C.

Retroviral sgRNA Expression Constructs and Production:

sgRNA sequences were inserted into a plasmid downstream of a murine U6 promoter. Human CD2 was inserted under the UbiC promoter downstream of the sgRNA as a selectable marker. When rescue experiments were conducted, plasmids included the above elements as well as a codon optimized, gRNA-resistant cDNA encoding wild-type murine Zc3h12a. Retroviruses were generated as follows. Phoenix-GP cells (ATCC® CRL-3215™) were used as producer cells. When 80% confluent, producer cells were transfected with pCL-Eco Retrovirus Packaging Vector and the plasmid encoding the sgRNA and surface selection marker described above using TransIT®-293 Transfection Reagent (Mirusbio, Catalog #2706). 18 hours after transfection, media was changed for complete T cell media (RPMI+10% heat inactivated FBS, 20 mM HEPES, 100 U/mL Penicillin, 100 μg/mL Streptomycin, 50 μM Beta-Mercaptoethanol). Viral supernatants were harvested every 12 hours for a total of 3 harvests, spun and frozen at −80° C.

II. Methods

Human T Cell Isolation and Activation:

Total human PBMCs were isolated from fresh leukopacks by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. CD8+ T-cells were then purified from total PBMCs using a CD8+ T-cell isolation kit (Stemcell Technologies Cat #17953). For T cell activation, CD8+ T cells were plated at 2×106 cells/mL in X-VIVO 15 T Cell Expansion Medium (Lonza, Cat #04-418Q) in a T175 flask, with 6.25 μL/mL of ImmunoCult T-cell activators (anti-CD3/CD28/CD2, StemCell Technologies, Vancouver BC, Canada) and 10 ng/mL human IL2. T-cells were activated for 18 hours prior to transduction with lentiviral constructs.

Human TIL Isolation and Activation:

Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes can also be modified by the methods described herein. In such cases, tumors are surgically resected from human patients and diced with scalpel blades into 1 mm3 pieces, with a single piece of tumor placed into each well of a 24 plate. 2 mL of complete TIL media (RPMI+10% heat inactivated human male AB serum, 1 mM pyruvate, 20 μg/mL gentamycin, 1× glutamax) supplemented with 6000 U/mL of recombinant human IL-2 is added to each well of isolated TILs. 1 mL of media is removed from the well and replaced with fresh media and IL-2 up to 3 times a week as needed. As wells reach confluence, they are split 1:1 in new media+IL-2. After 4-5 weeks of culture, the cells are harvested for rapid expansion.

TIL Rapid Expansion:

TILs are rapidly expanded by activating 500,000 TILs with 26×106 allogeneic, irradiated (5000 cGy) PBMC feeder cells in 20 mL TIL media+20 mL of Aim-V media (Invitrogen)+30 ng/mL OKT3 mAb. 48 hours later (Day 2), 6000 U/mL IL-2 is added to the cultures. On day 5, 20 mL of media is removed, and 20 mL fresh media (+30 ng/ml OKT3) is added. On Day 7, cells are counted, and reseeded at 60×106 cells/L in G-Rex6M well plates (Wilson Wolf, Cat #80660M) or G-Rex100M (Wilson Wolf, Cat #81100S), depending on the number of cells available. 6000 U/mL fresh IL-2 is added on Day 9 and 3000 U/mL fresh IL-2 is added on Day 12. TILs are harvested on Day 14. Expanded cells are then slow-frozen in Cryostor CS-10 (Stemcell Technologies Cat #07930) using Coolcell Freezing containers (Corning) and stored long term in liquid nitrogen.

Murine T cell Isolation and Activation:

Spleens from WT or transgenic mice were harvested and reduced to a single cell suspension using the GentleMACS system, according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Purified CD8⁺ T cells were obtained using the EasySep Mouse CD8⁺ T Cell Isolation Kit (StemCell Catalog #19853). CD8 T-cells were cultured at 1×106 cells/mL in complete T cell media (RPMI+10% heat inactivated FBS, 20 mM HEPES, 100 U/mL Penicillin, 100 μg/mL Streptomycin, 50 μM Beta-Mercaptoethanol) supplemented with 2 ng/mL of Recombinant Mouse IL-2 (Biolegend Catalog #575406) and activated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads (Dynabeads™ Mouse T-Activator CD3/CD28 for T-Cell Expansion and Activation Cat #11456D).

Lentiviral Transduction of Human T Cells:

T-cells activated 18 hours prior were seeded at 5×10⁶ cells per well in a 6 well plate, in 1.5 mL volume of X-VIVO 15 media, 10 ng/mL human IL-2 and 12.5 μL Immunocult Human CD3/CD28/CD2 T-cell Activator. Lentivirus expressing the engineered receptors was added at an MOI capable of infecting 80% of all cells. 25 μL of Retronectin (1 mg/mL) was added to each well. XVIVO-15 media was added to a final volume of 2.0 mL per well. Unless otherwise indicated, lentiviruses also expressed the sgRNAs. Plates were spun at 600×g for 1.5 hours at room temperature. After 18 hours (Day 2), cells were washed and seeded at 1×10⁶ cells/mL in X-VIVO 15, 10 ng/mL IL2+ T-cell activators.

Retroviral Transduction of Murine T Cells:

Where indicated, gRNAs were introduced into Cas9 transgenic T cells by Retroviral transduction. Murine T-cells activated 24 hours prior were seeded at 3×10⁶ cells per well in a 6 well plate coated with 5 μg/mL RetroNectin (Takara Clontech Catalog #T100B), in 2 mL Retrovirus supernatant with 5m/mL protamine sulfate and 2 ng/mL of Recombinant Mouse IL-2. Retroviruses express the gRNAs and a surface selection marker (hCD2 or CD90.1). Plates were spun at 600×g for 1.5 hours at room temperature. After 18 hours (Day 2), cells were washed and seeded at 1×10⁶ cells/mL in complete T cell media supplemented with 2 ng/mL of Recombinant Mouse IL-2. 24 hours after infection, cells were washed and cultured in complete T cell media supplemented with IL-2. After 24 hours, activation beads were removed and infected cells were purified using EasySep Human CD2 Positive Selection Kit (StemCell Catalog #18657) or EasySep Mouse CD90.1 Positive Selection Kit (StemCell Catalog #18958). Edited murine CD8 T were cultured at 1×10⁶ cells/mL in complete T cell media supplemented with IL-2 for an additional 1-4 days.

Electroporation of Human T Cells:

3 days after T cell activation, T cells were harvested and resuspended in nucleofection buffer (18% supplement 1, 82% P3 buffer from the Amaxa P3 primary cell 4D-Nuclefector X kit S) at a concentration of 100×10⁶ cells/mL. 1.5 μL of sgRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes (containing 120 pmol of crRNA:tracrRNA duplex and 20 pmol of Cas9 nuclease) and 2.1 μL (100 pmol) of electroporation enhancer were added per 20 μL of cell solution. 25 μL of the cell/RNP/enhancer mixture was then added to each electroporation well. Cells were electroporated using the Lonza electroporator with the “EO-115” program. After electroporation, 80 μL of warm X-VIVO 15 media was added to each well and cells were pooled into a culture flask at a density of 2×10⁶ cells/mL in X-VIVO 15 media containing IL-2 (10 ng/mL). On Day 4, cells were washed, counted, and seeded at densities of 50-100×10⁶ cells/L in X-VIVO 15 media containing IL-2 (10 ng/mL) in G-Rex6M well plates or G-Rex100M, depending on the number of cells available. On Days 6 and 8, 10 ng/mL of fresh recombinant human IL-2 was added to the cultures.

Electroporation of Mouse T Cells:

Murine T-cells activated 48 hours prior were harvested, activation beads were removed and cells were washed and resuspended in Neon nucleofection buffer T. Up to 2×10⁶ cells resuspended in 9 uL Buffer T and 20×10⁶ cells resuspended in 90 uL Buffer T can be electroporated using Neon™ 10-μL tip and Neon™ 100-μL tip respectively. gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes or ZFN mRNAs (1 μL per 10 μL tip or 10 μL per 100 μL Tip) and 10.8 μM electroporation enhancer (2 μL per 10 μL Tip or 20 μL per 100 μL Tip) were added to the cells. T-cells mixed with gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes or ZFN mRNAs were pipeted into the Neon™ tips and electroporated using the Neon Transfection System (1700 V/20 ms/1 pulses). Immediately after electroporation, cells were transferred into a culture flask at a density of 1.6×10⁶ cells/mL in warm complete T cell media supplemented with 2 ng/mL of Recombinant Mouse IL-2. Edited murine CD8 T cells were further cultured at 1×10⁶ cells/mL in complete T cell media supplemented with IL-2 for an additional 1-4 days.

Purification and Characterization of Engineered T Cells:

10 days after T cell activation, cells were removed from the culture flasks, and edited, engineered receptor-expressing CD8⁺ T cells were purified. Expression of the engineered receptor can be determined by antibody staining, e.g., antibodies for V1312 for DMF4 TCR or Vβ13/13.1 for NY-ESO-1 or 1G4). Further determination of editing of target genes can be assessed by FACS analysis of surface proteins (e.g., CD3), western blot of the target protein, and/or TIDE/NGS analysis of the genomic cut-site. Purified cells can then be slow-frozen in Cryostor CS-10 (Stemcell Technologies Cat #07930) using Coolcell Freezing containers (Corning), and stored long term in liquid nitrogen for future use.

Example 2: Characterization of Edited, Receptor-Engineered T Cells

Experiments were performed in which edited receptor-expressing cells were purified based on cell surface expression of CD3. Prior to engineering, CD8+ T cells express CD3 molecules on the cell surface as part of a complex that includes the TCR α/β chains (FIG. 4A). The T cells were transduced with a lentivirus expressing a CAR, a guide RNA targeting the TRAC gene, and a guide RNA targeting the B2M gene, which was used to assess the editing of non-TCR genes as a proxy for target gene editing. Following lentiviral transduction and Cas9 mRNA electroporation, successfully transduced and edited T cells demonstrate a loss of surface CD3 expression due to editing of the TRAC gene and a loss of HLA-ABC expression due to the editing of the B2M gene (FIG. 4B). CD3-expressing cells were removed from the bulk population (FIG. 4B) using the EasySep human CD3-positive selection kit (StemCell Tech Cat #18051). Cells were then subjected to two rounds of negative magnetic selection for CD3. This process yielded highly purified CD3-negative T cells expressing (FIG. 4C). Staining with a recombinant CD19-Fc reagent (which binds CD19 CAR) demonstrated that edited cells show surface expression of the CD19 CAR, whereas unedited cells do not (FIG. 4D). Similar experiments were performed with CD45 and B2M targeting sgRNAs. Cas9 editing activity in T cells was confirmed by assessing CD45 and B2M expression by flow cytometry was assessed 96 hours later, and efficient Cas9 function is indicated by a loss of CD45 expression on the surface of the T cells as determined by FACS. Co-electroporation with Cas9 mRNA and Cas9 RNPs led to substantial editing at the CD45 and B2M loci, with 66.3% of the cells exhibiting dual editing.

Target editing was performed as described in the above examples and the editing of a single exemplary gene, CBLB, was confirmed using both the Tracking of Indels by Decomposition (TIDE) analysis method and western blot analysis. TIDE quantifies editing efficacy and identifies the predominant types of insertions and deletions (indels) in the DNA of a targeted cell pool.

Genomic DNA (gDNA) was isolated from edited T cells using the Qiagen Blood and Cell Culture DNA Mini Kit (Cat #: 13323) following the vendor recommended protocol and quantified. Following gDNA isolation, PCR was performed to amplify the region of edited DNA using locus-specific PCR primers (F: 5′-CCACCTCCAGTTGTTGCATT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 32); R: 5′-TGCTGCTTCAAAGGGAGGTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 33). The resulting PCR products were run on a 1% agarose gel, extracted, and purified using the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Cat #: 28706). Extracted products were sequenced by Sanger sequencing and Sanger sequencing chromatogram sequence files were analyzed by TIDE. In CBLB-edited T cells edited by methods using either gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes or Cas9 mRNA introduced with gRNA expressing lentivirus (in each case, the CBLB gRNA used is SEQ ID NO: 288), the resulting TIDE analysis confirmed editing of the CBLB target gene. In addition to TIDE, depletion of CBLB protein levels were confirmed by western blot using an anti-CBLB antibody (SCT Cat #9498). The data is provided in FIGS. 5A and 5B and FIG. 6 .

Another method by which editing of a gene is assessed is by next generation sequencing. For this method, genomic DNA (gDNA) was isolated from edited T cells using the Qiagen Blood and Cell Culture DNA Mini Kit (Cat #: 13323) following the vendor recommended protocol and quantified. Following gDNA isolation, PCR was performed to amplify the region of edited genomic DNA using locus-specific PCR primers containing overhangs required for the addition of Illumina Next Generation sequencing adapters. The resulting PCR product was run on a 1% agarose gel to ensure specific and adequate amplification of the genomic locus occurred before PCR cleanup was conducted according to the vendor recommended protocol using the Monarch PCR & DNA Cleanup Kit (Cat #: T1030S). Purified PCR product was then quantified, and a second PCR was performed to anneal the Illumina sequencing adapters and sample specific indexing sequences required for multiplexing. Following this, the PCR product was run on a 1% agarose gel to assess size before being purified using AMPure XP beads (produced internally). Purified PCR product was then quantified via qPCR using the Kapa Illumina Library Quantification Kit (Cat #: KK4923) and Kapa Illumina Library Quantification DNA Standards (Cat #: KK4903). Quantified product was then loaded on the Illumina NextSeq 500 system using the Illumina NextSeq 500/550 Mid Output Reagent Cartridge v2 (Cat #: FC-404-2003). Analysis of produced sequencing data was performed to assess insertions and deletions (indels) at the anticipated cut site in the DNA of the edited T cell pool.

Example 3: Identification of Adoptive T Cell Transfer Therapy Targets Through an OT1/B16-Ova Crispr/Cas9 Functional Genomic Screen

Experiments were performed to identify targets that regulate accumulation of T cells in tumors. A pooled CRISPR screen was performed in which a pool of sgRNAs, each of which target a single gene, were introduced into a population of tumor-specific T cells such that each cell in the population comprised a single sgRNA targeting a single gene. To determine the effect of a particular gene on the accumulation of T cells in tumor samples, the frequency of each sgRNA in the population of T cells was determined at the beginning of the experiment and compared to the frequency of the same sgRNA at a later time-point in the experiment. The frequency of sgRNAs targeting genes that positively regulate T cell accumulation in tumor samples (e.g., genes that positively-regulate T cell proliferation, viability, and/or tumor infiltration) is expected to increase over time, while the frequency of sgRNAs targeting genes that negatively regulate T cell accumulation in tumor samples (e.g., genes that negatively-regulate T cell proliferation, viability, and/or tumor infiltration) is expected to decrease over time.

Pooled CRISPR screens were performed with CD8⁺ T cells derived from Cas9 expressing OT1 mice according to methods described in Example 1. The pooled sgRNA library was introduced to purified OTI CD8⁺ T cells cultured in vitro to generate a population of edited CD8⁺ T cells. After in vitro engineering, the edited OT1 CD8⁺ T cells were intravenously (iv) administered to B16/Ova tumor-bearing, C56BL/6 mice. After in vivo expansion, organs were harvested and CD45+ cells were enriched. Genomic DNA from the isolated CD45+ cells was isolated using Qiagen DNA extraction kits. The sgRNA library was then amplified by PCR and sequenced using Illumina next-generation sequencing (NGS).

The distribution and/or frequency of each sgRNA in samples harvested from tumor-bearing mice was analyzed and compared to the distribution and/or frequency of each sgRNA in the initial T cell population. Statistical analyses were performed for each individual sgRNA to identify guides that were significantly enriched in T cell populations harvested from tumor bearing mice and to assign an enrichment score to each of the guides. Enrichment scores for individual sgRNA targeting the same gene were aggregated to identify target genes that had a consistent and reproducible effect on T cell accumulation across multiple sgRNAs and across multiple OT1 donor mice. The results of these experiments are shown below in Table 12. Percentiles in Table 12 were calculated using the following equation: percentile score=1-(gene enrichment rank/total number of genes screened).

TABLE 12 Target Gene Percentile Scores Target Name Percentile Score IKZF1 0.995 NFKBIA 0.986 GATA3 0.993 BCL3 0.698 IKZF3 0.995 SMAD2 0.978 TGFBR1 0.991 TGFBR2 0.987 TNIP1 0.991 TNFAIP3 0.998 IKZF2 0.622 TANK 0.83 PTPN6 0.782 BCOR 0.720 CBLB 0.999 NRP1 0.826 HAVCR2 0.86 LAG3 0.82 BCL2L11 0.9928 CHIC2 0.997 FLI1 0.999 PCBP1 0.997 PBRM1 0.944 WDR6 0.953 E2F8 0.867 SERPINA3 0.822 SEMA7A 0.78 DHODH 0.990 UMPS 0.989 ZC3H12A 0.999 MAP4K1 0.842 NR4A3 0.997

Example 4: Identification of Adoptive T Cell Transfer Therapy Targets Through In Vitro CAR-T and CRISPR/Cas9 Functional Genomic Screens

Experiments were performed to identify targets that regulate accumulation of CAR-T cells tumor samples. A pooled, genome-wide CRISPR screen was performed in which a pool of sgRNAs, each of which target a single gene, was introduced into a population of tumor-specific human CAR-T cells, such that each cell in the population comprised a single sgRNA targeting a single gene. To determine the effect of a particular gene in CAR-T cell accumulation in tumor samples, the frequency of each sgRNA in the population of CAR-T cells was determined at the beginning of the experiment and compared to the frequency of the same sgRNA at a later time-point in the experiment. The frequency of sgRNAs targeting genes that positively regulate CAR-T cell accumulation in tumor samples (e.g., genes that positively-regulate T cell proliferation, viability, and/or tumor infiltration) is expected to increase over time, while the frequency of sgRNAs targeting genes that negatively regulate CAR-T cell accumulation in tumor samples (e.g., genes that negatively-regulate T cell proliferation, viability, and/or tumor infiltration) is expected to decrease over time.

In vitro screens were performed using CAR-T cells specific for human CD19. Pooled sgRNA libraries were introduced to the CD19 CARTs as described above and cells were electroporated with Cas9 mRNA as described in Example 1 to generate a population of Cas9-edited CD19 CARTs. The edited CD19 CARTs were then co-cultured with an adherent colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell line engineered to express CD19 or a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line expressing endogenous CD19. CARTs were harvested at various time points throughout the co-culture period and cell pellets were frozen down. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was isolated from these cell pellets using Qiagen DNA extraction kits and sequenced using Illumina next-generation sequencing.

The distribution and/or frequency of each sgRNA in the aliquots taken from the CART/tumor cell co-culture was analyzed and compared to the distribution and/or frequency of each sgRNA in the initial edited CAR-T cell population. Statistical analyses were performed for each individual sgRNA to identify sgRNAs that were significantly enriched in CAR-T cell populations after tumor cell co-culture and to assign an enrichment score to each of the guides. Enrichment scores for individual sgRNA that target the same gene were aggregated to identify target genes that have a consistent and reproducible effect on CAR-T cell accumulation in tumor samples across multiple sgRNAs and CAR-T cell population. Targets were ranked and called for further investigation based on percentile. The results of these experiments are shown below in Table 13. Percentiles in Table 13 were calculated using the following equation: percentile score=1-(gene enrichment rank/total number of genes screened).

TABLE 13 Target Gene Percentile Scores Target Name Percentile Score IKZF1 0.999 IKZF3 0.962 TGFBR1 0.778 TNIP1 0.64 TNFAIP3 0.791 FOXP3 0.866 IKZF2 0.907 TANK 0.93 PTPN6 0.707 BCOR 0.999 CBLB 0.989 BCL2L11 0.93 CHIC2 0.71 WDR6 0.962 E2F8 0.971 DHODH 0.763

Example 5: Identification of Adoptive T Cell Transfer Therapy Targets Through an In Vivo CAR-T/Tumor CRISPR/Cas9 Functional Genomic Screen

Experiments were performed to identify targets that regulate CAR-T cell accumulation in the presence of tumors. A pooled CRISPR screen was performed in which a pool of sgRNAs, each of which target a single gene, was introduced into a population of tumor-specific human CAR-T cells such that each cell in the population comprised a single sgRNA targeting a single gene. To determine the effect of a particular gene in CAR-T cell accumulation in tumor samples, the frequency of each sgRNA in the population of CAR-T cells was determined at the beginning of the experiment and compared to the frequency of the same sgRNA at a later time-point in the experiment. The frequency of sgRNAs targeting genes that positively regulate CAR-T cell accumulation in tumor samples (e.g., genes that positively-regulate T cell proliferation, viability, and/or tumor infiltration) is expected to increase over time, while the frequency of sgRNAs targeting genes that negatively regulate CAR-T cell accumulation in tumor samples (e.g., genes that negatively regulate T cell proliferation, viability, and/or tumor infiltration) is expected to decrease over time.

In vivo screens performed in two separate subcutaneous xenograft models: a Burkitt lymphoma model and a colorectal cancer (CRC) model. For the Burkitt model, 1×10⁶ Burkitt lymphoma tumor cells in Matrigel were subcutaneously injected into the right flank of 6-8 week old NOD/SCID gamma (NSG) mice. Mice were monitored, randomized, and enrolled into the study 13 days post-inoculation, when tumors reached approximately 200 mm³ in volume. For the CRC model, CRC cells were engineered to express CD19, and 5×10⁶ tumor cells in Matrigel were subcutaneously injected into the right flank of 6-8 week old NSG mice. Mice were monitored, randomized, and enrolled into the study 12 days post-inoculation when tumors reached approximately 200 mm³ in volume. Cas9-engineered CD19 CAR-T cells were administered iv via the tail vein at 3×10⁶ and 10×10⁶/mouse (3M and 10M). Tumors were collected 8 to 10 days post-CAR-T injection and frozen in liquid nitrogen. These tissues were later dissociated and processed for genomic DNA extraction.

The distribution and/or frequency of each sgRNA in the genomic DNA samples taken at study end was analyzed and compared to the distribution and/or frequency of each sgRNA in the initial edited-CAR-T cell population. Statistical analyses were performed for each individual sgRNA to identify sgRNAs were are significantly enriched in genomic DNA samples taken at study end and to assign an enrichment score to each of the guides. Enrichment scores for individual sgRNA that target the same gene were aggregated to identify target genes that have a consistent and reproducible effect on CAR-T cell abundance across multiple sgRNAs and CAR-T cell populations. Targets were ranked and called for further investigation based on percentile. The results of these experiments are shown below in Table 14. Percentiles in Table 14 were calculated using the following equation: percentile score=1-(gene enrichment rank/total number of genes screened).

TABLE 14 Target Gene Percentile Scores Target Name Percentile Score NFKBIA 0.95 SMAD2 0.816 FOXP3 0.92 IKZF2 0.895 TANK 0.923 PTPN6 0.979 CBLB 0.958 PPP2R2D 0.926 NRP1 0.795 HAVCR2 0.992 LAG3 0.97 TIGIT 0.916 CTLA4 0.884 BCL2L11 0.776 RBM39 0.94 E2F8 0.968 CALM2 0.902 SERPINA3 0.907 SEMA7A 0.918

Example 6: Validation of Single-Edited Adoptively Transferred T Cells in a Murine OT1/B16-Ova Syngeneic Tumor Model

Targets with percentile scores of 0.6 or greater in Examples 3-5 were selected for further evaluation in a single-guide format to determine whether editing a target gene in tumor-specific T cells conferred an increase in anti-tumor efficacy in a murine OT1/B16-Ova subcutaneous tumor model. Evaluation of exemplary targets is described herein, however these methods can be used to evaluate any of the potential targets described above.

Anti-tumor efficacy of single-edited T cells was evaluated in mice using the B16-Ova subcutaneous syngeneic tumor model, which is sensitive to treatment with anti-PD1 antibodies. Briefly, 6-8 week old female C57BL/6J mice from Jackson labs were injected subcutaneously with 0.5×10⁶ B16-Ova tumor cells. When tumors reached a volume of approximately 100 mm³ mice were randomized into groups of 10 and injected intravenously with edited mouse OT1 CD8+ T cells via tail vein. Prior to injection, the OT1 T cells were edited by electroporation with gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes comprising (i) a control gRNA; (ii) a single Map4k1-targeting gRNA, (iii) a single Zc3h12a-targeting gRNA; (iv) a single Cblb-targeting gRNA; (v) a single Nr4a3-targeting gRNA or; (vi) a single PD1-targeting gRNA. To generate a population of tumor-specific CD8⁺ T cells with edited target genes, spleens from female OT1 mice were harvested and CD8 T cells were isolated and edited as described in Example 1. The edited OT1 CD8⁺ T cells were then administered intravenously to B16-Ova tumor-bearing C56BL/6 mice. Body weight and tumor volume were measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume was calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group. The percentage tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated using mean tumor volumes (TV) according to the following formulas: % TGI=(TV-Target_(final) −TV-Target_(Initial))/(TV-Control_(final) −TV-Controlt_(Initial)),

where TV=mean tumor volume, final for Cblb TGI=Day 18 post-T cell transfer, final for Zc3h12a, Nr4a3, and Map4k1=Day 14 post-T cell transfer, and initial=Day 0 (i.e., day of T cell transfer).

Results of Cblb-edited T cells are shown in FIG. 7A. These data demonstrate that editing of the Cblb gene in T cells leads to anti-tumor efficacy with a TGI of 85% at day 18. Results of Zc3h12a-edited T cells are shown in FIG. 7B. These data demonstrate that editing of the Zc3h12a gene in T cells enhances anti-tumor efficacy of the T cells with a TGI of 106% at day 14. Data from an additional experiment with Zc3h12a-edited cells are shown in FIG. 7C. Results of Map4k1-edited T cells are shown in FIG. 7D. These data demonstrate that editing of the Map4k1 gene in T cells enhances anti-tumor efficacy of the T cells with a TGI of 72% at day 14. Results of Nr4a3-edited T cells are shown in FIG. 7E. These data demonstrate that editing of the Nr4a3 gene in T cells enhances anti-tumor efficacy of the T cells with a TGI of 56% at day 14.

Example 7: Validation of Single-Edited Adoptively Transferred T Cells in a Murine OT1/B16-Ova Syngeneic Tumor Model in Combination with Anti-Pd1 Therapy

Further experiments were performed to assess the effect of Map4k1-edited cells in combination with anti-PD1 therapy. 6-8 week old female C57BL/6J mice from Jackson labs were injected subcutaneously with 0.5×10⁶ B16-Ova tumor cells. When tumors reached a volume of approximately 100 mm³ mice were randomized into groups of 10 and injected intravenously with edited mouse OT1 CD8+ T cells via tail vein. Prior to injection these cells were edited with either a control guide or a single guide editing for the Map4k1 gene. The editing efficiency of the gRNA/Cas9 complex targeting Map4k1 gene was determined to be 82% using the NGS method. At the time of T cell transfer, designated cohorts were also initiated treatment with 2.5 mg/kg of anti-mouse PD1 antibody (clone RMP1-14, BioXcell), injected 3× week for the duration of the study. Body weight and tumor volume was measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume was calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group. The percentage tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated using the mean tumor volume from the Map4k1 group on day 14−day 1/mean tumor volume from control treated group on day 14-day 1 where day 1 is the day of edited mouse OT1 CD8+ T cell transfer. Results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 8A.

A similar experiment was conducted using Nr4a3-edited cells. The editing efficiency of the gRNA/Cas9 complex targeting the Nr4a3 gene was determined to be 28% using the NGS method. The percentage tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated using the mean tumor volume from the Nr4a3 group on day 14−day 1/mean tumor volume from control treated group on day 14-day 1 where day 1 is the day of edited mouse OT1 CD8+ T cell transfer. Results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 8B.

Similar experiments are performed to assess the effect of Zc3h12a-edited cells in combination with anti-PD1 therapy on anti-tumor efficacy.

Example 8: Validation of Single-Edited Adoptively Transferred T Cells in a Murine PMEL and MC38/gp100 Syngeneic Tumor Model

Targets with percentile scores of 0.6 or greater in Examples 3-5 were selected for further evaluation in a single-guide format to determine whether editing a target gene in tumor-specific T cells conferred an increase in anti-tumor efficacy in a murine MC38gp100 subcutaneous syngeneic tumor model of colorectal cancer (which is insensitive to treatment with anti-PD1 antibodies). Evaluation of exemplary targets is described herein, however these methods can be used to evaluate any of the potential targets described above.

Briefly, 6-8 week old female C57BL/6J mice from Jackson labs were injected subcutaneously with 1×10⁶ MC38gp100 tumor cells. Prior to injection, the T cells were edited by electroporation with gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes comprising (i) a control gRNA or (ii) a single Zc3h12a-targeting gRNA. When tumors reached a volume of approximately 100 mm³ mice were randomized into groups of 10 and injected intravenously with Zc3h12a-edited mouse PMEL CD8⁺ T cells via tail vein. Body weight and tumor volume was measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume was calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group.

Results of Zc3h12a-edited T cells are shown in FIG. 9 . These data demonstrate that editing of the Zc3h12a gene in T cells enhances anti-tumor efficacy of the T cells with a TGI of 77% at day 20. Similar experiments are performed to assess the effect of Nr4a3-edited cells and Map4k1-edited cells on anti-tumor efficacy in a PMEL/MC38 syngeneic tumor model.

Example 9: Validation of Single-Edited Adoptively Transferred T Cells in a Murine B16-F10 Syngeneic Tumor Model

Additional experiments are performed to assess the effect of editing Zc3h12a in the aggressive metastatic B16-F10 syngeneic tumor model with disease manifesting as lung metastasis.

Briefly, 6-8 week old female C57BL/6J mice from Jackson labs are injected intravenously with 0.5×10⁶ B16-F10 tumor cells. Mice are weighed and assigned to treatment groups using a randomization procedure prior to inoculation. At D3 post tumor inoculation, mice are injected intravenously with murine PMEL CD8+ T cells via tail vein. Prior to injection, these cells were edited by electroporation with gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes comprising (i) a control gRNA; (ii) a single gRNA targeting the PD-1 gene; or (iii) a single gRNA targeting the Zc3h12a gene. Body weight is monitored at least twice per week. At Day 15 post tumor inoculation (Day 12 post edited PMEL transfer), mice lungs are perfused and fixed with 10% para-formaldehyde. After overnight fixation, lungs are transferred to 70% EtOH for further preservation. Anti-tumor efficacy can be evaluated by visually assessing the B16-F10 tumor burden which can be seen as black colonies of cancer cells on the lungs.

Survival is graphed as percent (FIG. 10 ). As shown in FIG. 10A, Zc3h12a-edited PMEL T cells were able to convey increased survival in comparison to control and PD1-edited PMEL T cells in a B16F10 lung met model. Similar experiments are performed to assess the effects of Nr4a3-edited and Map4k1-edited cells in a B16-F10 syngeneic tumor model.

Example 10: Validation of Single-Edited Adoptively Transferred T Cells in a Murine OT1/Eg7-Ova Subcutaneous Syngeneic Tumor Model

Anti-tumor efficacy of Zc3h12a was further evaluated in mice using the Eg7-Ova subcutaneous syngeneic tumor model. 6-8 week old female C57BL/6J mice from Jackson labs were injected subcutaneously with 1×10⁶ Eg7-Ova tumor cells. When tumors reached a volume of approximately 100 mm³ mice were randomized into groups of 10 and injected intravenously with edited mouse OT1 CD8+ T cells via tail vein. Prior to injection these cells were edited with either a control guide or a single guide editing for the Zc3h12a gene. Body weight and tumor volume was measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume was calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group.

The percentage tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated using mean tumor volumes (TV) according to the following formulas: TGI=(TV-Target_(final) −TV-Target_(Initial))/(TV-Control_(final) −TV-Controlt_(Initial)),

where TV=mean tumor volume, final TGI=Day 14 post-T cell transfer, and initial=Day 0 (i.e., day of T cell transfer).

These data demonstrate that editing of the Zc3h12a in T cells enhances anti-tumor efficacy of the T cells with a TGI of 88% as shown in in FIG. 11 . Similar experiments are performed to assess the effect of Nr4a3-edited cells and Map4k1-edited cells on anti-tumor efficacy in a OT1/EG7OVA subcutaneous syngeneic tumor model.

Example 11: Validation of Single-Edited Adoptively Transferred T Cells in the A375 Xenograft Tumor Model

Targets with percentile scores of 0.6 or greater in Examples 3-5 were selected for further evaluation in a single-guide format to determine whether editing a target gene in tumor-specific T cells conferred an increase in anti-tumor efficacy in the A375 xenograft tumor model. Evaluation of exemplary targets is described herein, however these methods can be used to evaluate any of the potential targets described above.

Briefly, 6-12 week old NSG mice from Jackson labs were injected subcutaneously with 5×10⁶ A375 cells. When tumors reached a volume of approximately 200 mm³, mice were randomized into groups of 8 and injected intravenously with 18.87×10⁶ for CBLB-edited NY-ESO-1-specific TCR transgenic T cells or 5.77×10⁶ ZC3H12A-edited NY-ESO-1-specific TCR transgenic T cells via tail vein. Body weight and tumor volume was measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume was calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group and efficacy was evaluated as a decrease in mean tumor volume and an increase in survival compared to control edited cells. The percentage tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated using the mean tumor volume from the ZC3H12A group on day 19−day 0/mean tumor volume from control treated group on day 19-day 0 where day 0 is the day of human TCR transgenic T cell transfer.

Results of these experiments are shown in FIG. 12 . These data demonstrate that editing of the CBLB (FIG. 12A) and ZC3H12A (FIG. 12B) gene in T cells leads to anti-tumor efficacy in an A375 xenograft model. Similar experiments are performed to assess the efficacy of MAP4K1-edited T cells and NR4A3-edited T cells in the A375 xenograft model.

Example 12: Validation of Single-Edited Adoptively Transferred CD19 CAR-T Cells in a Raji Xenograft Model

The anti-tumor efficacy of editing MAP4K1 and NR4A3 in 1^(st) generation CD19 CAR-T cells was evaluated in mice using the Raji subcutaneous cell derived xenograft tumor model. Raji cells are a human lymphoma cell line that are known to be insensitive to treatment with anti-PD1 antibodies.

Briefly, 6-8 week old female NSG mice from Jackson labs were injected subcutaneously with 3×10⁶ Raji tumor cells. When tumors reached a volume of approximately 200 mm³ mice were randomized into groups of 5 and injected intravenously with edited human CD19 CART cells via tail vein. Prior to injection the adoptively transferred cells were edited with either a control guide or a guide editing for MAP4K1 or NR4A3. Using the NGS method, the editing efficiency of the gRNA/Cas9 complex targeting the MAP4K1 gene and NR4A3 were determined to be 83% and 71%, respectively. Body weight and tumor volume was measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume was calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group. The results demonstrate that editing of MAP4K1 and NR4A3 in an adoptive T cell transfer model leads to increased efficacy, with a 65% TGI for MAP4K1 (FIG. 13A) and 81% TGI for NR4A3 (FIG. 13B). Similar experiments will be performed to assess the anti-tumor efficacy of ZC3H12A-edited 1^(st) generation CD19 CAR-T cells (human) in the Raji cell-derived xenograft subcutaneous tumor model.

Example 13: Screen for Dual-Edit Combinations

A double sgRNA library was constructed in a retroviral backbone. The library consisted of two U6 promoters (one human and one mouse), each driving expression of a single guide RNA (guide+tracr, sgRNA). The guides were cloned as pools to provide random pairings between guides, such that every sgRNA would be paired with every other sgRNA. The final double guide library was transfected into Phoenix-Eco 293T cells to generate murine ecotropic retrovirus. TCR transgenic OT1 cells expressing Cas9 were infected with the sgRNA-expressing virus to edit the two loci targeted by each of the sgRNAs. The edited transgenic T-cells were then transferred into mice bearing >400 mm³ B16-Ova tumors allografts. After two weeks, the tumors were excised and the tumor-infiltrating T-cells were purified by digesting the tumors and enriching for CD45+ cells present in the tumors. Genomic DNA was extracted from CD45+ cells using a Qiagen QUIAamp DNA blood kit and the retroviral inserts were recovered by PCR using primers corresponding to the retroviral backbone sequences. The resulting PCR product were then sequenced to identify the sgRNAs present in the tumors two weeks after transfer. The representation of guide pairs in the final isolated cell populations was compared to the initial plasmid population and the population of infected transgenic T-cells before injection into the mouse. The frequency of sgRNA pairs that improved T-cells fitness and/or tumor infiltration were expected to increase over time, while combinations that impaired fitness were expected to decrease over time. Table 15 below shows the median fold change of sgRNA frequency in the final cell population compared to the sgRNA frequency in the initial cell population transferred in vivo.

TABLE 15 sgRNA frequency in Combination Screen GeneA GeneB Avg(Tmedian.Ifoldch.all) CBLB CBLB 0.17 CBLB CTLA4 0.21 CBLB LAG3 0.08 CBLB Olfr1389 0.03 CBLB Olfr453 0.04 CBLB TGFBR1 0.15 CBLB TGFBR2 0.75 CBLB TIGIT 0.31 CBLB ZAP70 0 Havcr2 Havcr2 0.02 Havcr2 LAG3 0.01 Havcr2 Olfr1389 0 Havcr2 Olfr453 0.01 Havcr2 PDCD1 0.02 LAG3 Olfr1389 0 LAG3 Olfr453 0.02 LAG3 PDCD1 0.02 Olfr1389 Olfr1389 0.01 Olfr1389 Olfr453 0 Olfr1389 PDCD1 0.02 Olfr453 Olfr453 0.01 Olfr453 PDCD1 0.01 PDCD1 CTLA4 0.59 PDCD1 LAG3 0.02 PDCD1 PDCD1 0.02 PDCD1 TGFBR1 0.02 PDCD1 TGFBR2 0.07 PDCD1 TIGIT 0.02 PDCD1 ZAP70 0 TGFBR1 CTLA4 0.01 TGFBR1 LAG3 0 TGFBR1 TGFBR1 0.06 TGFBR1 TGFBR2 0.07 TGFBR1 TIGIT 0.03 TGFBR1 ZAP70 0 CBLB ZC3H12A 8.9 Havcr2 ZC3H12A 2.1 Olfr1389 ZC3H12A 0.78 Olfr453 ZC3H12A 1.58 PDCD1 ZC3H12A 1.33 TGFBR1 ZC3H12A 3.33 Tigit ZC3H12A 2.53 ZAP70 ZC3H12A 0.01 ZC3H12A CTLA4 0.61 ZC3H12A LAG3 0.73 ZC3H12A ZAP70 0.01 ZC3H12A ZC3H12A 1.14

Example 14: Validation of Dual-Edited CD19 CAR-T Cells in Raji Xenograft Model

Targets were further evaluated in combination studies to determine combinations of edited genes that increased anti-tumor efficacy of T cells in xenograft tumor models. Evaluation of exemplary targets is described herein, however these methods can be used to evaluate any of the potential targets described above

As an example of a combination effect for anti-tumor efficacy of editing, CBLB and BCOR were edited, either independently or together, in Pt generation CD19 CAR-T cells and evaluated in mice using the Raji subcutaneous cell derived xenograft tumor model. Raji cells are a lymphoma cell line that are known to be insensitive to treatment with anti-PD1 antibodies. 6-8 week old female NSG mice from Jackson labs were injected subcutaneously with 3×10⁶ Raji tumor cells. When tumors reached a volume of approximately 200 mm³ mice were randomized into groups of 5 and injected intravenously with edited human CD19 CART cells via tail vein. Prior to injection, the adoptively transferred cells were edited by electroporation with gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes comprising (i) a control gRNA; (ii) single gRNA targeting CBLB; (iii) a single gRNA targeting BCOR; or (iv) 2 gRNAs targeting CBLB and BCOR. Body weight and tumor volume were measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume was calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group. As shown in FIG. 14 , when compared to a control guide, adoptive transfer of BCOR/CBLB dual-edited human CD19 CART cells, with target genes edited either alone or together as indicated, resulted in an anti-tumor response in the subcutaneous Burkitt's Lymphoma Raji mouse model. The anti-tumor efficacy was greater when both targets were edited in combination as compared to either target alone or as compared to a control guide. Similar experiments are performed to assess the efficacy of ZC3H12A/CBLB dual-edited T cells, MAP4K1 ICBLB dual-edited T cells, and NR4A3/CBLB dual-edited T cells in the CD19 CAR-T Raji cell xenograft model.

Example 15: Double-Editing of BCOR and CBLB in CAR-Ts Leads to Enhanced Accumulation and Cytokine Production in the Presence of Tumor

1^(st) generation CD19 CAR-Ts were generated from human CD8 T cells, and a negative control gene, BCOR, CBLB, or both BCOR and CBLB were edited by electroporation using guide RNAs complexed to Cas9 in an RNP format. CD19 CAR-Ts were co-cultured with Raji Burkitt's Lymphoma cells in vitro at a 1:0, 0.3:1, 1:1, 3:1 and 10:1 ratio. After 24 hours, total cell counts of CAR-T cells were determined, and supernatants saved for cytokine analyses. As shown in FIG. 15 , BCOR and BCOR+CBLB-edited CARTs demonstrated 30% greater accumulation compared to either control or CBLB-edited CARTs, demonstrating that editing of the BCOR confers an enhanced ability of the CAR-T cells to accumulate in the presence of a tumor. Further, CBLB and CBLB+BCOR-edited CARTs produced 10-fold or more IL-2 (FIG. 16 ) and IFNγ (FIG. 17 ) compared to either control-edited CARTs, demonstrating that editing of CBLB resulted in enhanced CAR-T cell production of cytokines known to increase overall T cell fitness and functional ability. The increased production of IL-2 by CD8 T cells is surprising as these cells typically do not produce IL-2. These data demonstrate that, in some instances, production of CAR-T cells with enhanced effector functions requires editing of multiple genes. For example, in this example, the production of CAR-T cells that demonstrated both enhanced accumulation in the presence of a tumor and enhanced production of IL-2 and IFNγ cytokines required editing of both BCOR and CBLB genes.

Example 16: Validation of Dual-Edited, Adoptively Transferred T Cells in a Murine OT1/B16-Ova Syngeneic Tumor Model

Targets were further evaluated in combination studies to determine combinations of edited genes that increased anti-tumor efficacy of T cells in a murine OT1/B16-Ova subcutaneous syngeneic tumor model. Evaluation of exemplary targets is described herein, however these methods can be used to evaluate any of the potential targets described above.

Anti-tumor efficacy of Zc3h12a/Cblb dual-edited T cells was evaluated in mice using the B16Ova subcutaneous syngeneic tumor model. Briefly, 6-8 week old female C57BL/6J mice from Jackson labs were injected subcutaneously with 0.5×10⁶ B16Ova tumor cells. When tumors in the entire cohort of mice reached an average volume of approximately 378.3 mm³, the mice were randomized into groups and injected intravenously with edited murine OT1 CD8+ T cells via tail vein. Prior to injection, these cells were edited by electroporation with gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes comprising (i) a control gRNA; (ii) a single gRNA targeting the Cblb gene; (iii) a single gRNA targeting the Zc3h12a gene; or (iv) 2 gRNAs targeting the Cblb and Zc3h12a genes. Editing efficiency of the gRNA/Cas9 complex targeting the Cblb and Zc3h12a genes was determined to be 82% and 80% respectively, assessed using the NGS method. Body weight and tumor volume were measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume was calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group. The percentage tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated using the mean tumor volume according to the following formula: % TGI=(TV-Target_(final) −TV-Target_(Initial))/(TV-Control_(final) −TV-Control_(Initial))*100,

where TV=mean tumor volume, final=Day 7 post-T cell transfer, and initial=Day 0 (i.e., day of T cell transfer).

As shown in FIG. 18 , transfer of Zc3h12a/Cblb dual-edited T cells resulted in an enhanced TGI compared to transfer of Cblb single-edited T cells or Zc3h12a single-edited T cells or Cblb single-edited T cells (Zc3h12a/Cblb TGI=107% compared to 46% and 99% for Cblb and Zc3h12a single edits, respectively).

Similar experiments are performed to assess the efficacy of Map4k1/Cblb dual-edited T cells and Nr4a3/Cblb dual-edited T cells in the OT1/B16 Ova syngeneic tumor model.

Example 17: Validation of Dual-Edited, Adoptively Transferred T Cells in a Murine PMEL/MC38-gp100 Tumor Model

Anti-tumor efficacy of Zc3h12a/Cblb dual-edited T cells, Map4k1/Cblb dual-edited T cells, and Nr4a3/Cblb dual-edited T cells is evaluated in mice using the MC38gp100 subcutaneous syngeneic tumor model. Briefly, 6-8 week old female C57BL/6J mice from Jackson labs are injected subcutaneously with 1×10⁶ MC38gp100 tumor cells. When tumors reach a volume of approximately 100 mm³, mice are randomized into groups of 10 and injected intravenously with edited murine PMEL CD8+ T cells via tail vein. Prior to injection, T cells are edited by electroporation with gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes comprising (i) a control gRNA; (ii) a single gRNA targeting the PD1 gene; (iii) a single gRNA targeting the Zc3h12a gene; (iv) a single gRNA targeting the Cblb gene; (v) a single gRNA targeting the Map4k1 gene; (vi) a single gRNA targeting the Nr4a3 gene; (vii) 2 gRNAs targeting both the Zc3h12a and Cblb genes; (viii) 2 gRNAs targeting both the Nr4a3 and Cblb genes; or (ix) 2 gRNAs targeting both the Map4k1 and Cblb genes. Body weight and tumor volume are measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume is calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group. The percentage TGI is calculated using the mean tumor volume according to the following formula: (TV-Target_(final) −TV-Target_(Initial))/(TV-Control_(final) −TV-Controlt_(Initial)),

where TV=mean tumor volume, final=Day 21 post-T cell transfer, and initial=Day 0 (i.e., day of T cell transfer)

These experiments are expected to show enhanced TGI after transfer of Zc3h12a/Cblb, Map4k1/Cblb, or Nr4a3/Cblb dual-edited T cells compared to transfer of PD1 single-edited T cells, Zc3h12a single-edited T cells, Map4k1 single-edited T cells, or Nr4a3 single-edited T cells.

Example 18: Validation of Dual-Edited, Adoptively Transferred T Cells in a Murine B16-F10 Syngeneic Tumor Model

Anti-tumor efficacy of Zc3h12a/Cblb dual-edited T cells is evaluated in mice using the aggressive metastatic B16-F10 syngeneic tumor model with disease manifesting as lung metastasis. Briefly, 6-8 week old female C57BL/6J mice from Jackson labs are injected intravenously with 0.5×10⁶ B16-F10 tumor cells. Mice are weighed and assigned to treatment groups using a randomization procedure prior to inoculation. At Day 3 post tumor inoculation, mice are injected intravenously with edited murine PMEL CD8+ T cells via tail vein. Prior to injection these cells are edited by electroporation with gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes comprising (i) a control gRNA; (ii) a single gRNA targeting the Zc3h12a gene; (iii) a single gRNA targeting the Cblb gene; (iv) a single gRNA targeting the Map4k1 gene; (v) a single gRNA targeting the Nr4a3 gene; (vi) 2 gRNAs targeting each of the Map4k1 and Cblb genes; (vii) 2 gRNAs targeting each of the Nr4a3 and Cblb genes or; (viii) 2 gRNAs targeting each of the Zc3h12a and Cblb genes. Editing efficiency of the gRNA/Cas9 complex targeting the aforementioned genes is assessed using the NGS method. Body weight will be monitored at least twice per week. At Day 15 post tumor inoculation (Day 12 post edited PMEL transfer), mice lungs are perfused and fixed with 10% para-formaldehyde. After overnight fixation, lungs are transferred to 70% EtOH for further preservation. Tumor efficacy is evaluated by visually assessing the B16-F10 tumor burden which will be seen as black colonies of cancer cells on the lungs.

These experiments are expected to show increased anti-tumor efficacy of dual-edited cells compared to controls and single-edited cells.

Example 19: Efficacy of Pd1/Lag3 Dual-Edited Transgenic T Cells in a B16-Ova Murine Tumor Model

Anti-tumor efficacy of PD-1/Lag3 dual-edited T cells was evaluated in mice using the B16Ova subcutaneous syngeneic tumor model. 6-8 week old female C57BL/6J mice from Jackson labs were injected subcutaneously with 0.5×10⁶ B16Ova tumor cells. When tumors in the entire cohort of mice reached an average volume of approximately 485 mm³, the mice were randomized into groups of 10 and injected intravenously with edited mouse OT1 CD8+ T cells via tail vein. Prior to injection these cells were edited by electroporation with gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes comprising (1) a non-targeting control gRNA; (2) a single gRNA targeting the PD1 gene; (3) a single gRNA targeting the Lag3 gene; (4) 2 gRNAs, one targeting each of the PD1 and Lag3 genes. Body weight and tumor volume were measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume was calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group. The percentage tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated using the following formula: % TGI=(PD1/Lag3 TV _(final))−PD1/Lag3 TV _(initial))/(Control TV _(final)−Control TV _(initial)),

where TV=mean tumor volume, final=Day 10 and initial=day of edited mouse OT1 CD8+ T cell transfer.

The data in FIG. 19 show adoptive transfer of PD1 single-edited T cells resulted in a TGI of 70% and adoptive transfer of Lag3 single-edited T cells resulted in a TGI of 36%. Surprisingly, combination edits of PD1 and Lag3 did not result in enhanced tumor growth inhibition and demonstrated a TGI of 38%.

Example 20: Validation of Targets for Adoptive T Cell Transfer of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes

Anti-tumor efficacy of Zc3h12, Map4k1, and Nr4a3/Cblb single and dual-edited tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are evaluated in mice using the B16Ova subcutaneous syngeneic tumor model. Two mice cohorts are used in this experiment: a donor cohort of CD45.1 Pep Boy mice (B6.SJL-Ptprc^(a) Pepc^(b)/BoyJ) and a recipient cohort of CD45.2 C57BL/6J mice (Jackson labs), each comprised of 6-8 week old female mice.

To generate TILs, donor CD45.1 Pep Boy mice (B6.SJL-Ptprc^(a) Pepc^(b)/BoyJ) are injected subcutaneously with 0.5×10⁶ B16-Ova cells. On Day 14 post-tumor cell inoculation, tumors are harvested to generate edited CD45.1 Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) to infuse into the second cohort of mice. B16-OVA tumors (200-600 mm³) are harvested, diced, and reduced to a single cell suspension using the GentleMACS system and mouse Tumor Dissociation Kit (Miltenyi Biotech Catalog #130-096-730), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Tumor suspension are filtered over 70 μm cell strainers and TILs are enriched using CD4/CD8 (TIL) Microbeads (Miltenyi Biotech Catalog #130-116-480). Isolated TILs are cultured in 6 well plates at 1.5×10⁶ cells/mL in complete mTIL media (RPMI+10% heat inactivated FBS, 20 mM HEPES, 100 U/mL Penicillin, 100m/mL Streptomycin, 50 μM Beta-Mercaptoethanol, 1× Glutamx) supplemented with 3000 U/mL of recombinant human IL-2 (Peprotech Catalog #200-02). On Day 3 cells are harvested, washed and resuspended in nucleofection buffer T and electroporated with gRNA/Cas9 RNPs using the Neon Transfection System as described in Example 1. After electroporation, TILs are cultured in 6 well plates at 1.5×10⁶ cells/mL in complete mTIL media supplemented with 3000 U/mL of recombinant human IL-2. On Day 5 and 7, cells are resuspended in fresh complete mTIL media supplemented with 3000 U/mL of recombinant human IL-2 and plated in flasks at a density of 1×10⁶ cells/mL. On Day 8, cells are harvested counted and resuspended in PBS for injection in vivo and pellets were prepared for gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR.

These TIL cells are edited by electroporation of gRNA/Cas9 complexes comprising (1) a non-targeting control gRNA; (2) a single gRNA targeting the Zc3h12a gene; (3) a single gRNA targeting the Map4k1 gene; (4) a single gRNA targeting the Nr4a3 gene; (5) a single gRNA targeting Cblb; (6) 2 gRNAs targeting the Zc3h12a gene and Cblb gene; (7) 2 gRNAs targeting the Map4k1 gene and Cblb gene; or (8) 2 gRNAs targeting the Nr4a3 gene and Cblb gene.

Recipient CD45.2 C57BL/6J mice are injected subcutaneously with 0.5×10⁶ B16-Ova tumor cells. When tumors reached a volume of approximately 100 mm³, mice are randomized into groups of 10 and injected intravenously with edited CD45.1 TILs via tail vein. Optionally, mice can be injected intraperitoneal with cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) to induce lymphodepletion prior to T cell transfer and the edited-TILs can be administered intravenously in combination with intraperitoneal treatment with recombinant human IL-2 (720,000 IU/Kg) twice daily for up to a maximum of 4 days.

Body weight and tumor volume are measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume is calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group and the % TGI is calculated according to the following formula: % TGI=(TV-target_(final))−TV-target_(initial))/(TV-Control_(final) −TV-Control_(initial)),

where TV=mean tumor volume, final=Day 17 and initial=day of edited TIL transfer.

These results are expected to show that compared to a control guide, adoptive transfer of single-edited or dual-edited mouse TILs results in an enhanced anti-tumor response in the B16Ova subcutaneous mouse model compared to treatment with control-edited cells.

Example 21: Validation of Targets for Engineered T Cell Therapy

Experiments will be performed to validate the effects of editing BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and/or NR4A3 on the anti-tumor efficacy of CAR T cells and T cells engineered to express an artificial TCR. The engineered T cells described in Table 17 are edited as described in Example 1 to reduce expression of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and/or NR4A3. These edited T cells are then evaluated in subcutaneous murine xenograft models using the indicated cell type. For example, T cells engineered with a CD19-specific CAR or artificial TCR can be evaluated as described above in Example 12 in a Raji cell model or any of the other cell lines shown in Table 16, T cells engineered with a MART1-specific CAR or artificial TCR can be evaluated in a SKMEL5, WM2664, or IGR1 cell model, etc.

TABLE 16 Engineered Receptor Specificity and Target Cell Lines Receptor Specificity Target Cell Line CD19 Raji, Daudi, Jeko, NALM-6, NALM-16, RAMOS, JeKo1 BCMA Multiple Myeloma cell lines NCI-H929, U266-B1, and RPMI-8226 NYESO A375 MART1 SKMEL5, WM2664, IGR1 HER2+ BT474

Briefly, 6-8 week old female NSG mice from Jackson labs are injected subcutaneously with 3×10⁶ target cells. When tumors reached a volume of approximately 200 mm³, mice are randomized into groups of 5 and injected intravenously with the edited engineered T cells via tail vein. Prior to injection the adoptively transferred cells are edited with either a control guide or a guide editing for BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and/or NR4A3. Body weight and tumor volume are measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume is calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group. The results of these experiments are expected to show enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and/or NR4A3-edited engineered T cells or as compared to a control guide, measured by survival and or reduction in tumor size.

Example 22: Validation of Target Editing on Receptor-Engineered T Function

Experiments will be performed to validate the effects of editing BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and/or NR4A3 on engineered T cell cytokine production. Briefly, the engineered T cells described in Table 16 above are generated from human CD8 T cells, and one or more of BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and/or NR4A3 are edited by electroporation using guide RNAs complexed to Cas9 in an RNP format. CAR-Ts are co-cultured with the corresponding cell line indicated in Table 18 in vitro at a 1:0, 0.3:1, 1:1, 3:1 and 10:1 ratio. After 24 hours, total cell counts of engineered T cells are determined, and supernatants saved for cytokine analyses. The results of these experiments are expected to show enhanced accumulation of and increased levels of cytokine production from edited CAR T cells compared to control edited cells.

Example 23: Manufacturing of Dual-Edited Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes

Edited TILs are manufactured following established protocols used previously in FDA-approved clinical trials for the isolation and expansion of TIL's. Following removal of tumor tissue, the tumor is both fragmented into 2 mm³ pieces and mechanically/enzymatically homogenized and cultured in 6,000 IU/mL recombinant human IL-2 for up to 6 weeks or until the cell numbers reach or exceed 1×10⁸; this is defined as the pre-rapid expansion phase (pre-REP) of TIL manufacturing. Upon completion of the pre-REP stage TILs are electroporated with gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes targeting BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, ZC3H12A, MAP4K1, and/or NR4A3 genes under cGMP conditions. Cells may be also electroporated prior to or during the pre-REP process. Following electroporation, 50×10⁶ cells are transferred into a 1 L G-Rex™ culture flask with a 1:100 ratio of TIL:irradiated feeder cells for approximately 2 weeks. This portion of manufacturing is defined as the rapid expansion phase (REP). After the REP phase, TIL's are harvested, washed, and suspended in a solution for immediate infusion into the patient.

Example 24: Phase I Studies of Edited Immune Effector Cells

Phase 1, open-label, single-center studies will be performed, in which metastatic melanoma patients who are relapsed or refractory to anti PD-1 therapy will be treated with the modified cells described herein. Patients will receive a single infusion of cells and will remain on study until they experience progressive disease or therapy intolerance. Radiological PD will be determined by a local radiologist before discontinuation of study participation.

Study Objectives:

The primary objectives of the study are (1) to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose limiting toxicities (DLTs), and dose of cell compositions (and the associated concomitant medications required) recommended for future studies for patients with advanced solid tumors; and (2) to observe patients for any evidence of anti-cancer activity of the transferred edited cells. The secondary objectives of the study are: (1) to determine the pharmacokinetics of the cellular compositions; (2) to assess of on-target activity of the cellular compositions, as determined by changes in pharmacodynamic biomarkers in biologic samples; and (3) to assess of proliferation of the modified cells, as determined by engineered TIL persistence post treatment. The exploratory objectives of the study are (1) to correlate any underlying genetic mutation(s) with clinical response.

Study End-Points:

The primary endpoints of this study are: Incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs), graded according the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE), version 4.3; Clinical laboratory abnormalities; Changes in 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters; Objective response rate (ORR), per RECIST v1.1; CNS response (ORR and progression free survival [PFS], per RECIST v1.1, in patients who have active brain metastases). The secondary endpoints of this study are: Patient-reported symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores; Time to response; Duration of response; Disease control rate (the percentage of patients with best response of complete response [CR], PR, or SD), per RECIST v1.1; Time on treatment; Immunophenotyping; Persistence, trafficking and function of genetically engineered TIL; Pharmacodynamic biomarker in pre and post-dose samples. The exploratory endpoints of this study are: Assessment of cancer-associated mutations and/or genetic alterations utilizing FoundationOne® Cancer Gene Panel, or comparable alternative, in pre-dose tumor biopsy and/or peripheral blood.

Treatment Regimen:

A summary of the treatment regimen is as follows:

(a) Day −7 & −6: cyclophosphamide 60 mg/kg, i.v.

(b) Days −5 to −1: fludarabine 25 mg/m², i.v.

(c) Day 1: Cell infusion

(d) Day 1-Day 15: IL-2 (125,000 IU/kg/day) up to a maximum of 14 administrations

The first dose of cells administered will not exceed a total dose of 1×10⁹ cells. Should the patient experience dose limiting toxicity (DLT), two additional patients will be treated at this dose level. If the first patient completes the DLT monitoring period (21 days) without experiencing a DLT, subsequent patients will be treated at doses not to exceed 1×10¹¹ TILs.

Concomitant Treatment:

Palliation and supportive care are permitted during the study for management of symptoms and underlying medical conditions that may develop during the study.

Efficacy Evaluation:

Tumor response will be determined per RECIST v1.1 by the local radiologist and/or investigator. Tumor assessment will be performed every 6 weeks until disease progression and will continue for patients who have discontinued due to reasons other than disease progression, until disease progression, or to the start of another anticancer therapy. Survival will also be followed for up to 3 years after the last patient enrolled into the study.

Safety Evaluation:

Safety assessments will include physical and laboratory examinations, vital signs, and ECGs. Adverse events will be graded according to the NCI CTCAE v4.03. Adverse event incidence rates, as well as the frequency of occurrence of overall toxicity, categorized by toxicity grades (severity), will be described for each cohort of the study. Listings of laboratory test results will also be generated, and descriptive statistics summarizing the changes in laboratory tests over time will be presented.

Molecular Genetic Evaluations:

The mutation status of genes implicated in tumor biology will be determined through molecular analysis of tumor tissue and plasma samples. Results of these tests will be provided to the investigator and the sponsor immediately after analysis, per the testing procedure. Molecular analysis methods include, but are not limited to, direct sequencing and/or digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Patient-Reported Symptoms and Quality of Life Evaluations:

Patient-reported symptoms and HRQoL will be collected by administering the validated European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ)-C30 (v.3.0), which has been studied extensively in global clinical studies. The EORTC QLQ-C30 will be scored for 5 functional scales (physical, role, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning); 3 symptom scales (fatigue, pain, and nausea/vomiting); and a global health status/QoL scale. Six single-item scales also are included (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhea, and financial difficulties).

Study Assessments:

Assessment parameters for these studies include radiological imaging of the tumor prior to dose administration and on Day 1 of every odd number cycle thereafter, blood sample collection for PK analysis (Day 1, 2, 3, weekly×4, monthly×6) and pharmacodynamics analysis, and cytokine panel analysis (Day 1, 2, 3, weekly×4, monthly×6).

Example 25: Validation of Zc3h12a as Target Conferring Anti-Tumor Memory and Epitope Spreading

Anti-tumor memory and epitope spreading driven by Zc3h12a inhibition or deletion in T cells was evaluated in mice using the B16-Ova subcutaneous syngeneic tumor model. 6-8 week old female C57BL/6J mice from Jackson labs were injected subcutaneously with 0.5×10⁶ B16-Ova tumor cells. When tumors reached a volume of approximately 100 mm³, mice were randomized into groups of 10 and injected intravenously with edited mouse OT1 CD8+ T cells via tail vein. Prior to injection, these cells were edited by electroporation with gRNA/Cas9 RNP complexes comprising (i) a control gRNA; or (ii) a single gRNA targeting the Zc3h12a gene. Body weight and tumor volume were measured at least twice per week. Tumor volume was calculated as mean and standard error of the mean for each treatment group.

As shown in FIG. 20 , 9 of the 10 mice receiving Zc3h12a-edited T cells were evaluable and rejected the tumors completely by 55 days after the transfer of OT1 CD8+ T cells (or 65 days after the initial B16-Ova tumor inoculation). These mice were deemed to be Complete Responders (CRs). Four of the CR mice were re-challenged with a second B16-Ova inoculation, with another four CR mice challenged with a B16F10 inoculation. B16-Ova is a derivative of B16F10 engineered to contain the Ova antigen against which OT1 cells are specific for. In addition, ten naïve mice were inoculated with B16-Ova, and another ten naïve mice were inoculated with B16F10 tumor cells. Following these inoculations, B16-Ova CR mice were found to also reject both B16-Ova re-challenge and B16F10 challenge. The B16-Ova rejection demonstrates a Zc3h12a-driven anti-tumor memory response. The B16F10 rejection demonstrates that Zc3h12a-edited T cells instruct other T cells within the host to mount a productive anti-tumor response against non-Ova tumor antigens through a phenomenon known as “epitope spreading.” Epitope spreading, which is also known as determinant spreading, is when T cells not involved in the initial immune response are activated against epitopes linked in a tissue-specific manner to the initial response progressively contribute to an immune response.

Example 26: Editing of MAP4K1 in Naive Human T Cells Enhances Cytokine Production

Primary human T cells were isolated from thawed donor PBMCs and cultured overnight in Immunocult+10 ng/mL IL-2. The next day, T cells were electroporated with an RNP for a single guide control gene or MAP4K1. After four days in culture (Immunocult+10 ng/mL IL-2) to ensure gene editing, cells were cultured for 24 hr in Immunocult+CD3/28/2 activation. Supernatants were collected 24 hrs after activation and secreted cytokine levels were measured by the mesoscale discovery (MSD) platform. As shown in FIG. 21 , MAP4K1-edited T cells demonstrated increased production of IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα. Similar experiments can be performed to assess cytokine production of ZC3H12a-edited and NR4A3-edited PBMCs.

Example 27: Expression of T Cell Activation Markers in Zc3h12a-Edited Murine CD8 T Cells

Spleens from female OT1 or pMEL mice were harvested and CD8 T cells were isolated as described in Example 1. CD8 T cells were electroporated with RNPs comprising a Cas9 protein and sgRNAs targeting either Zc3h12a or a control gene were according to methods described in Example 1. Across multiple guides, Zc3h12a-editing efficiency was measured to be 36-69%.

Expression of Ifng, Gzma, and Icos was measured by RNA-seq. RNA extraction and sequencing (RNA-seq) from pellets of 3 million edited cells was performed by Wuxi NextCode. Gene expression levels are quantified as TPMs (Li et al., in Bioinformatics: The Impact of Accurate Quantification on Proteomic and Genetic Analysis and Research (2014)) using Salmon (version 0.11.2, Patro et al., Nat. Methods (2017) and Gencode mouse gene annotation (version M15). R package limma³ (version 3.38.0, Ritchie et al., Nucleic Acids Res. (2015)) was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). When multiple guides were used to inhibit a target, the analysis incorporated the impact of each guide and only genes affected by all guides were considered significantly differentially expressed.

These experiments revealed that Zc3h12a-edited mouse OT-1 or PMEL cells demonstrated significantly increased expression of Ifng (144.5-fold in OT-1; 119.2-fold in PMEL relative to control sgRNA) and Gzma mRNA (7.2-fold in OT-1 and 3.1 fold in pMEL compared to control sgRNA). In Zc3h12a-edited cells, mRNA expression of Icos, a known ZC3H12A substrate, was also upregulated 11-fold and 9.1 fold in OT-1 and PMEL cells, respectively. Together these data demonstrate that Zc3h12a-edited mouse OT-1 or PMEL cells demonstrate increased expression of the T cell activation markers Ifng, Gzma, and Icos as measured by mRNA expression.

Example 28: ICOS Expression by Zc3h12a siRNA Modified Murine T Cells

Zc3h12a mRNA targeting siRNAs were used to demonstrate the effects of modifying expression of the Zc3h12a by additional mechanisms of inhibition. Control (catalog #: K-005000-G1-02) or Zc3h12a-targeting (catalog #: E-052076-00-0005) Self-delivering Accell siRNAs were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. Purified murine CD8 T-cells were activated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads (Dynabeads™ Mouse T-Activator CD3/CD28 for T-Cell Expansion and Activation Cat #11456D) in siRNA delivery media (Dharmacon Catalog #B-005000-500) containing 2.5% heat inactivated FBS supplemented with 10 ng/mL of recombinant murine IL-2 (Biolegend Catalog #575406) and Self-delivering Accell siRNAs at a final concentration of 1 μM. After 72 hours, activation beads were removed and cells were assessed for surface ICOS expression by flow cytometry or gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR.

For qRT-PCR analysis, RNA was purified from T-cells using a Qiagen RNeasy miniprep kit (catalog #: 74104) and cDNA was prepared using SuperScript IV VILO (catalog #: 11755-050, Life Technologies)) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Listed below are the taqman probes (Life Technologies) used for detection of mouse or human transcripts. GAPDH was used as the control gene and relative expression was quantified using the delta-delta Ct method. Treatment of cells with Zc3h12a-specific siRNAs resulted in a 30% reduction in Zc3h12a mRNA levels compared to controls.

Gene Mouse Assay ID Human Assay ID GAPDH Mm99999915_g1 Hs02786624_g1 IL6 Mm00446190-m1 Hs00174131_m1 ICOS Mm00497600_m1 N/A GZMA Mm013044562-m1 N/A IFNG Mm01168134_m1 Hs00989291_m1

For ICOS surface expression, murine CD8 cells were stained with fluorescently labeled anti-ICOS antibodies (Biolegend cat #: 313524) at a 1:100 dilution according to the manufacturer's instructions. The relative amount of cell surface ICOS expression was measured by calculating the mean fluorescence intensity of the cells stained with the fluorescent anti-ICOS antibody, using FlowJo v10.1 software (Treestar). Consistent with sgRNA-mediated inhibition of Zc3h12a, ICOS levels were 1.8-fold higher in cells treated with Zc3h12a-targeting siRNA.

Example 29: Expression of T Cell Activation Markers in Murine T Cells Edited with Zc3h12a Zinc Fingers

ZFN-mediated editing of the Zc3h12a gene was performed to demonstrate the effects of modifying expression of the Zc3h12a by additional mechanisms of inhibition.

Engineered zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) domains were generated by Sigma Aldrich in plasmid pairs (CSTZFN-1KT COMPOZR® Custom Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) R-3257609). The domains were customized to recognize positions Chr4:125122398-125122394 and Chr4:125121087-125121084 of mouse Zc3h12a gene and positions Chr6:42538446-42538447 of the control mouse gene Olfr455. Plasmids were prepared using the commercial NEB Monarch Miniprep system (Cat #T1010) following manufacturer's protocol. The DNA template was linearized using 10 μg total input and purified using the NEB Monarch PCR and DNA Cleanup kit (Cat #T1030). An in vitro transcription reaction to generate 5′-capped RNA transcripts was performed using 6 μg of purified DNA template and the Promega T7 RiboMAX Large Scale RNA Production System (P1300 and P1712) following the manufacture's conditions. Transcripts were purified using Qiagen RNeasy Mini purification kit (Cat #74104). The integrity and concentration of each ZFN domain transcript were confirmed using the Agilent 4200 TapeStation system. Purified transcripts were polyadenylated using the NEB E. coli Poly(A) Polymerase (M0276) using 10 units per reaction. The addition of polyadenylated tails were confirmed by a size shift using the Agilent 4200 TapeStation system. Each mature ZFN domain mRNA transcript was combined with its corresponding pair and 10 μg of each pair mixed with 5 million mouse CD8 T cells and electroporated according to the methods described above for murine T cell electroporation.

Two loci in Zc3h12a were targeted by 3 ZFN each and editing efficiency was measured by NGS. To follow the effects of ZFN-mediated ZC3H12A inactivation, mRNA levels of the ZC3H12A substrates Il6 and Icos, as well as the T-cell activation marker Ifng, were assessed by qRT-PCR. All 3 ZFNs targeting locus Chr4:125121088-125121085 resulted in increased expression of Icos (range 1.2-2-fold), Il6 (range 2.3-62.8-fold) and Ifng (2.9-12.8) mRNA compared to a control ZFN target Olfr455, confirming that ZFN-mediated editing of Zc3h12a induces similar effects on T-cells as CRISPR-mediated inhibition.

Example 30: Expression of T Cell Activation Markers in Zc3h12a-Edited Murine TILs

Mouse CD8 TILs were isolated and edited with Zc3h12a-targeting gRNA/Cas9 RNPs as described in Example 1. Zc3h12a-specific sgRNAs lead to 86% inhibition of Zc3h12a. FACS analysis confirmed that inhibition of Zc3h12a with sgRNA led to a 2.7-fold increase in ICOS expression on the cell surface. RNA-seq analysis confirmed a significant 2.7-fold increase in Icos mRNA (p=1.6×10⁻⁷¹) as well as significant increases in the mRNA of Ifng (9.3-fold relative to control sgRNA, p=0) and Gzma (1.2 fold relative to control sgRNA, p=6.3×10⁻⁶), confirming Zc3h12a editing in mouse TILs activates T-cells.

Example 31: Inactivation of Zc3h12a Activity by Crispr-Mediated Editing of Zc3h12a in Mouse CD8 T Cells

The effect of genetic inactivation of Zc3h12a on the function and inflammatory phenotype of mouse CD8 T cells was assessed. Mouse OT-I CD8 T cells were activated and infected with one of 3 different retroviral supernatants using the methods described in Example 30. Retroviruses encoded either 1) an sgRNA targeting an olfactory receptor gene (negative control), 2) an sgRNA targeting Zc3h12a (Zc3h12a-edited condition), or 3) an sgRNA targeting Zc3h12a along with gene encoding the protein product of Zc3h12a (Zc3h12a edited, WT ZC3H12A rescue condition). Post selection transduction rates were greater than 91% in all cases, and next generation sequencing confirmed that genome editing rates were greater than 80% in all cases.

CD8 T cells were then stimulated for 6 hours stimulation with PMA and lonomycin to induce inflammatory transcript expression, and quantitative RT-PCR was performed to assess mRNA levels. Transcript expression levels were evaluated relative to expression of the housekeeping gene Gapdh. Editing of the Zc3h12a locus led to a dramatic increase in the levels of Icos, Il6, Il2, Ifng, and Nfkbiz transcripts when compared to negative control cells edited at the Olf421 locus (FIG. 22 ). Expression of ZC3H12A protein by lentiviral co-delivery of a codon optimized Zc3h12a gene into endogenous Zc3h12a edited cells led to a reduction of inflammatory mRNA levels (FIG. 22 ), demonstrating dependence of the observed phenotype on the absence of functional ZC3H12A protein.

To determine if the ZC3H12A-dependent transcriptional changes observed translated to changes on the cell surface, cells were stained with fluorescent anti-ICOS antibodies and cell surface ICOS levels were determined using flow cytometry. Editing of the Zc3h12a locus led to an increase in cell surface Icos expression that was reversed by overexpression of retrovirally derived ZC3H12A (FIG. 23 ).

The effects of genetic inactivation of the Zc3h12a gene on cytokine secretion by CD8 T cells were also measured. Cells were seeded into wells containing media containing either IL-2 alone, or IL-2 and anti-CD3/CD28 dynabeads, for 48 hours. Cell supernatants were harvested and the levels of secreted IFNγ and IL-6 were measured using the mesoscale discovery MSD platform. Upon stimulation, Zc3h12a edited CD8 T cells produced greater quantities of IL-6 and IFNγ than Olf421-edited cells. Furthermore, Zc3h12a-edited cells also produced significant quantities of IFNγ in the absence of exogenous anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation compared to Olf421 edited cells (FIG. 24 ).

Example 32: Inactivation of Zc3h12a by Crispr-Mediated Editing of the Zc3h12a Gene in Primary Human T Cells

To determine the effects of inactivation of ZC3H12A on primary human T cells, the production of IL6 mRNA transcript and IL-6 protein by genome-edited human T cells was evaluated. Briefly, primary human T cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and genome-edited using RNPs targeting either the ZC3H12A or OR1A2 loci, following the methods as outline in Example 1. Editing efficiencies ranged from 30-72%, as determined by next generation sequencing.

Cells were seeded at equal concentrations and cultured in culture medium containing anti-CD3/CD2/CD28 tetramer reagent (Stemcell Technologies). After 24 hours, cell supernatants was harvested and IL-6 levels were determined using the Mesoscale discovery V-plex human proinflammatory panel 1. Across multiple donors, T cells edited at the ZC3H12A locus secreted more IL-6 into the culture medium than those edited at the OR1A2 locus over the 24 hour period (FIG. 25A). Significantly increased production of IL-6 mRNA (12.3-fold and 5.9-fold in donors 3835 and 6915, respectively) was also observed after 24 hour anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation (FIG. 25B).

Example 33: Zc3h12a-Tiling Screen and Validation Assays

A CRISPR-Cas9 tiling screen was performed to determine candidate inhibitor target locations within a target locus spanning the ZC3H12A gene. Primary human CD8+ T cells were isolated as described in Example 1 and transduced with a lentiviral library expressing sgRNAs designed to target genomic positions across the full length of the ZC3H12A gene. Two days after transduction with the lentiviral library, the transduced CD8+ T cells were electroporated with Cas9 mRNA and cultured for an additional 10 days. After 10 days of culture subsequent to electroporation with Cas9 mRNA, the screen performed as described below. Additional assays were performed to validate gRNAs identified in the tiling screen. 437 distinct ZC3H12A-targeting gRNAs were assayed according to the following parameters.

Tiling Screen

Proliferation Read-Out:

Cells in the first arm were harvested on Day 10 after Cas9 mRNA electroporation. DNA was extracted and amplicons spanning the recognition sites for the various sgRNAs in the library were amplified by PCR and sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Enrichment or depletion of each of the sgRNAs was determined by the log ratio of final counts divided by reference counts.

Additional Assays for Guide Validation

Additional assays were developed to further characterize the efficacy and on-target activity of gRNAs identified in the tiling screen described above. Cells were isolated and electroporated with Cas9:gRNA RNPs containing ZC3H12A-specific gRNAs identified in tiling screens. Cells were cultured for approximately 10 days at which point the following assays were performed.

DNA Editing Assay:

A DNA editing assay was developed to compare the ability of individual guides to direct editing of their respective target at the DNA level. After electroporation with Cas9:gRNA RNPs, cells were cultured for approximately 10 days, at which point pellets were harvested and DNA was extracted. Amplicons spanning the genomic target loci for the various sgRNAs were amplified by PCR using guide-specific primer sets and sequenced by NGS. Sequencing reads were aligned to the predicted guide cut site, and the percentage of reads displaying an edited DNA sequence was determined. Outcomes were evaluated based on two criteria: 1) the overall percentage of off target editing and 2) the identity of the off-target edited genes. Optimal guides were identified those having the lowest level percent off-target editing and/or most benign off target edited genes profile. For example, gene editing in intragenic regions was viewed as a benign effect while editing in known oncogenes or tumor suppressors was viewed as an undesirable off target profile

Western Blot Assay:

A Western Blot assay was used to compare the ability of individual guides to reduce protein expression of their respective targets. P After electroporation with Cas9:gRNA RNPs, cells were cultured for approximately 10 days, cell pellets were then harvested, and lysed in RIPA buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors. Extracted protein was quantified by Bradford assay, and 1 μg was loaded onto an automated Western Blotting instrument (Wes Separation Module by Protein Simple) using the machine's standard 12-230 kD Wes Separation Module protocol. Commercially available target specific primary antibodies were employed, followed by incubation with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies. The signal detected per target guide was normalized to the respective signal seen in the negative control guide sample.

Tiling and Validation Results:

200 ZC3H12A-targeting gRNAs (SEQ ID NOs: 1065-1264) were identified as optimal guides based on the assays described above. Similar experiments were performed for BCOR and TNFAIP3, with 57 BCOR gRNAs (SEQ ID NOs: 708-764) and 39 TNFAIP3 gRNAs (SEQ ID NOs: 348-386) identified as potential optimal guides.

TABLE 5A Human Genome Coordinates Target Coordinates Target Coordinates Target Coordinates IKZF1 chr7: 50387344- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137879270- HAVCR2 chr5: 157106863- 50387363 137879289 157106882 IKZF1 chr7: 50400471- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878846- HAVCR2 chr5: 157088943- 50400490 137878865 157088962 IKZF1 chr7: 50327652- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137876140- HAVCR2 chr5: 157106706- 50327671 137876159 157106725 IKZF1 chr7: 50400507- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878571- HAVCR2 chr5: 157106886- 50400526 137878590 157106905 IKZF1 chr7: 50376576- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878573- HAVCR2 chr5: 157106767- 50376595 137878592 157106786 IKZF1 chr7: 50400314- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878653- HAVCR2 chr5: 157106825- 50400333 137878672 157106844 IKZF1 chr7: 50327681- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878827- HAVCR2 chr5: 157106718- 50327700 137878846 157106737 IKZF1 chr7: 50391851- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878726- HAVCR2 chr5: 157104727- 50391870 137878745 157104746 IKZF1 chr7: 50368009- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137871457- HAVCR2 chr5: 157087278- 50368028 137871476 157087297 IKZF1 chr7: 50382569- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137876104- LAG3 chr12: 6774679- 50382588 137876123 6774698 IKZF1 chr7: 50376631- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878762- LAG3 chr12: 6773300- 50376650 137878781 6773319 IKZF1 chr7: 50400366- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137876083- LAG3 chr12: 6773939- 50400385 137876102 6773958 IKZF1 chr7: 50391772- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137871402- LAG3 chr12: 6775340- 50391791 137871421 6775359 IKZF1 chr7: 50399915- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137871501- LAG3 chr12: 6773781- 50399934 137871520 6773800 IKZF1 chr7: 50400414- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137874861- LAG3 chr12: 6773221- 50400433 137874880 6773240 IKZF1 chr7: 50368040- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137871362- LAG3 chr12: 6773335- 50368059 137871381 6773354 IKZF1 chr7: 50382550- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137871249- LAG3 chr12: 6774608- 50382569 137871268 6774627 IKZF1 chr7: 50387353- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137874972- LAG3 chr12: 6775514- 50387372 137874991 6775533 NFKBIA chr14: 35404635- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878495- LAG3 chr12: 6773804- 35404654 137878514 6773823 NFKBIA chr14: 35402653- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137874842- LAG3 chr12: 6773283- 35402672 137874861 6773302 NFKBIA chr14: 35402494- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137876139- LAG3 chr12: 6774798- 35402513 137876158 6774817 NFKBIA chr14: 35404445- TNFAIP3 chr6: 137871437- TIGIT chr3: 114307905- 35404464 137871456 114307924 NFKBIA chr14: 35403152- TANK chr2: 161232836- TIGIT chr3: 114295774- 35403171 161232855 114295793 NFKBIA chr14: 35403258- TANK chr2: 161179709- TIGIT chr3: 114295717- 35403277 161179728 114295736 NFKBIA chr14: 35404463- TANK chr2: 161224725- TIGIT chr3: 114295630- 35404482 161224744 114295649 NFKBIA chr14: 35403202- TANK chr2: 161204665- TIGIT chr3: 114295615- 35403221 161204684 114295634 NFKBIA chr14: 35404411- TANK chr2: 161161386- TIGIT chr3: 114295821- 35404430 161161405 114295840 NFKBIA chr14: 35402666- TANK chr2: 161231124- TIGIT chr3: 114295767- 35402685 161231143 114295786 NFKBIA chr14: 35403330- TANK chr2: 161179740- TIGIT chr3: 114299648- 35403349 161179759 114299667 NFKBIA chr14: 35403695- TANK chr2: 161232788- TIGIT chr3: 114295577- 35403714 161232807 114295596 BCL3 chr19: 44757097- TANK chr2: 161232777- TIGIT chr3: 114295650- 44757116 161232796 114295669 BCL3 chr19: 44757336- TANK chr2: 161223970- TIGIT chr3: 114294023- 44757355 161223989 114294042 BCL3 chr19: 44756280- TANK chr2: 161203501- TIGIT chr3: 114299682- 44756299 161203520 114299701 BCL3 chr19: 44748932- TANK chr2: 161203590- CTLA4 chr2: 203872820- 44748951 161203609 203872839 BCL3 chr19: 44756229- TANK chr2: 161204749- CTLA4 chr2: 203871417- 44756248 161204768 203871436 BCL3 chr19: 44751352- TANK chr2: 161179691- CTLA4 chr2: 203870885- 44751371 161179710 203870904 BCL3 chr19: 44756315- TANK chr2: 161161378- CTLA4 chr2: 203867944- 44756334 161161397 203867963 BCL3 chr19: 44757028- FOXP3 chrX: 49258389- CTLA4 chr2: 203871421- 44757047 49258408 203871440 BCL3 chr19: 44748876- FOXP3 chrX: 49255792- CTLA4 chr2: 203872759- 44748895 49255811 203872778 BCL3 chr19: 44758720- FOXP3 chrX: 49253120- CTLA4 chr2: 203867944- 44758739 49253139 203867963 BCL3 chr19: 44756334- FOXP3 chrX: 49251742- CTLA4 chr2: 203870640- 44756353 49251761 203870659 BCL3 chr19: 44751300- FOXP3 chrX: 49256916- CTLA4 chr2: 203870767- 44751319 49256935 203870786 BCL3 chr19: 44758258- FOXP3 chrX: 49254054- CTLA4 chr2: 203868001- 44758277 49254073 203868020 IKZF3 chr17: 39765927- FOXP3 chrX: 49258314- CTLA4 chr2: 203870606- 39765946 49258333 203870625 IKZF3 chr17: 39766306- FOXP3 chrX: 49251666- CTLA4 chr2: 203872716- 39766325 49251685 203872735 IKZF3 chr17: 39788315- FOXP3 chrX: 49257496- PTPN6 chr12: 6955147- 39788334 49257515 6955166 IKZF3 chr17: 39832082- FOXP3 chrX: 49258351- PTPN6 chr12: 6956188- 39832101 49258370 6956207 IKZF3 chr17: 39766366- IKZF2 chr2: 213057056- PTPN6 chr12: 6952101- 39766385 213057075 6952120 IKZF3 chr17: 39766410- IKZF2 chr2: 213056895- PTPN6 chr12: 6954832- 39766429 213056914 6954851 IKZF3 chr17: 39765981- IKZF2 chr2: 213007992- PTPN6 chr12: 6951504- 39766000 213008011 6951523 IKZF3 chr17: 39766262- IKZF2 chr2: 213022029- PTPN6 chr12: 6951637- 39766281 213022048 6951656 IKZF3 chr17: 39766122- IKZF2 chr2: 213148620- PTPN6 chr12: 6952004- 39766141 213148639 6952023 IKZF3 chr17: 39777926- IKZF2 chr2: 213049845- PTPN6 chr12: 6954960- 39777945 213049864 6954979 IKZF3 chr17: 39777960- IKZF2 chr2: 213049749- PTPN6 chr12: 6945764- 39777979 213049768 6945783 IKZF3 chr17: 39791548- IKZF2 chr2: 213013838- PTPN6 chr12: 6952156- 39791567 213013857 6952175 IKZF3 chr17: 39791554- IKZF2 chr2: 213147704- PTPN6 chr12: 6951688- 39791573 213147723 6951707 IKZF3 chr17: 39788306- IKZF2 chr2: 213007950- PTPN6 chr12: 6952055- 39788325 213007969 6952074 IKZF3 chr17: 39777690- IKZF2 chr2: 213049803- PTPN6 chr12: 6952004- 39777709 213049822 6952023 SMAD2 chr18: 47869428- IKZF2 chr2: 213022103- PTPN6 chr12: 6954869- 47869447 213022122 6954888 SMAD2 chr18: 47896710- IKZF2 chr2: 213013910- BCOR chrX: 40074116- 47896729 213013929 40074135 SMAD2 chr18: 47869333- IKZF2 chr2: 213056913- BCOR chrX: 40073790- 47869352 213056932 40073809 SMAD2 chr18: 47869252- IKZF2 chr2: 213147790- BCOR chrX: 40077875- 47869271 213147809 40077894 SMAD2 chr18: 47869371- IKZF2 chr2: 213049707- BCOR chrX: 40052324- 47869390 213049726 40052343 SMAD2 chr18: 47870547- GATA3 chr10: 8064032- BCOR chrX: 40073729- 47870566 8064051 40073748 SMAD2 chr18: 47896523- GATA3 chr10: 8064079- BCOR chrX: 40054273- 47896542 8064098 40054292 SMAD2 chr18: 47845647- GATA3 chr10: 8073748- BCOR chrX: 40073193- 47845666 8073767 40073212 SMAD2 chr18: 47896640- GATA3 chr10: 8058824- BCOR chrX: 40074630- 47896659 8058843 40074649 TGFBR1 chr9: 99128854- GATA3 chr10: 8058443- BCOR chrX: 40062797- 99128873 8058462 40062816 TGFBR1 chr9: 99137867- GATA3 chr10: 8069573- BCOR chrX: 40072605- 99137886 8069592 40072624 TGFBR1 chr9: 99128995- GATA3 chr10: 8069532- BCOR chrX: 40073675- 99129014 8069551 40073694 TGFBR1 chr9: 99132565- GATA3 chr10: 8055748- BCOR chrX: 40073080- 99132584 8055767 40073099 TGFBR1 chr9: 99137897- GATA3 chr10: 8058395- BCOR chrX: 40074432- 99137916 8058414 40074451 TGFBR1 chr9: 99137998- GATA3 chr10: 8058737- BCOR chrX: 40074150- 99138017 8058756 40074169 TGFBR1 chr9: 99137939- GATA3 chr10: 8058349- BCOR chrX: 40073363- 99137958 8058368 40073382 TGFBR1 chr9: 99132706- GATA3 chr10: 8058824- BCOR chrX: 40064581- 99132725 8058843 40064600 TGFBR1 chr9: 99128942- RC3H1 chr1: 173946812- BCOR chrX: 40062765- 99128961 173946831 40062784 TGFBR1 chr9: 99129014- RC3H1 chr1: 173992926- BCOR chrX: 40072562- 99129033 173992945 40072581 TGFBR2 chr3: 30650327- RC3H1 chr1: 173980872- BCOR chrX: 40072987- 30650346 173980891 40073006 TGFBR2 chr3: 30650394- RC3H1 chr1: 173982779- BCOR chrX: 40075168- 30650413 173982798 40075187 TGFBR2 chr3: 30671914- RC3H1 chr1: 173980941- BCOR chrX: 40073376- 30671933 173980960 40073395 TGFBR2 chr3: 30671753- RC3H1 chr1: 173992844- BCOR chrX: 40073489- 30671772 173992863 40073508 TGFBR2 chr3: 30672089- RC3H1 chr1: 173992895- BCOR chrX: 40072671- 30672108 173992914 40072690 TGFBR2 chr3: 30623239- RC3H1 chr1: 173992882- BCOR chrX: 40073707- 30623258 173992901 40073726 TGFBR2 chr3: 30650357- RC3H1 chr1: 173961717- BCOR chrX: 40072455- 30650376 173961736 40072474 TGFBR2 chr3: 30672412- RC3H1 chr1: 173984495- BCOR chrX: 40073856- 30672431 173984514 40073875 TGFBR2 chr3: 30671782- RC3H1 chr1: 173980811- BCOR chrX: 40073454- 30671801 173980830 40073473 TGFBR2 chr3: 30644886- RC3H1 chr1: 173964926- BCOR chrX: 40073223- 30644905 173964945 40073242 TGFBR2 chr3: 30671709- RC3H1 chr1: 173982894- BCOR chrX: 40057164- 30671728 173982913 40057183 TGFBR2 chr3: 30671765- TRAF6 chr11: 36501306- BCOR chrX: 40063694- 30671784 36501325 40063713 TGFBR2 chr3: 30623229- TRAF6 chr11: 36490635- BCOR chrX: 40073114- 30623248 36490654 40073133 TGFBR2 chr3: 30671933- TRAF6 chr11: 36498527- BCOR chrX: 40063765- 30671952 36498546 40063784 TGFBR2 chr3: 30644834- TRAF6 chr11: 36492548- BCOR chrX: 40074230- 30644853 36492567 40074249 TNIP1 chr5: 151039096- TRAF6 chr11: 36501355- BCOR chrX: 40063788- 151039115 36501374 40063807 TNIP1 chr5: 151039165- TRAF6 chr11: 36501423- BCOR chrX: 40073550- 151039184 36501442 40073569 TNIP1 chr5: 151033531- TRAF6 chr11: 36501487- BCOR chrX: 40072510- 151033550 36501506 40072529 TNIP1 chr5: 151052229- TRAF6 chr11: 36490112- BCOR chrX: 40074371- 151052248 36490131 40074390 TNIP1 chr5: 151056754- TRAF6 chr11: 36498546- BCOR chrX: 40062953- 151056773 36498565 40062972 TNIP1 chr5: 151063682- TRAF6 chr11: 36490590- BCOR chrX: 40071047- 151063701 36490609 40071066 TNIP1 chr5: 151033527- TRAF6 chr11: 36501262- BCOR chrX: 40073673- 151033546 36501281 40073692 TNIP1 chr5: 151056795- TRAF6 chr11: 36497165- BCOR chrX: 40074756- 151056814 36497184 40074775 TNIP1 chr5: 151033778- CBLB chr3: 105853475- BCOR chrX: 40074952- 151033797 105853494 40074971 TNIP1 chr5: 151045881- CBLB chr3: 105853600- BCOR chrX: 40063752- 151045900 105853619 40063771 TNIP1 chr5: 151063608- CBLB chr3: 105720111- BCOR chrX: 40062753- 151063627 105720130 40062772 TNIP1 chr5: 151035692- CBLB chr3: 105867412- BCOR chrX: 40073052- 151035711 105867431 40073071 TNIP1 chr5: 151056834- CBLB chr3: 105867529- BCOR chrX: 40075122- 151056853 105867548 40075141 TNIP1 chr5: 151064993- CBLB chr3: 105720160- BCOR chrX: 40063806- 151065012 105720179 40063825 TNIP1 chr5: 151033749- CBLB chr3: 105853421- BCOR chrX: 40074193- 151033768 105853440 40074212 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878782- CBLB chr3: 105751453- BCOR chrX: 40074839- 137878801 105751472 40074858 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137874872- CBLB chr3: 105693541- BCOR chrX: 40074647- 137874891 105693560 40074666 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878447- CBLB chr3: 105867449- BCOR chrX: 40070980- 137878466 105867468 40070999 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878901- CBLB chr3: 105853514- BCOR chrX: 40074386- 137878920 105853533 40074405 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137880092- PPP2R2D chr10: 131940160- BCOR chrX: 40072494- 137880111 131940179 40072513 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878710- PPP2R2D chr10: 131934499- BCOR chrX: 40074087- 137878729 131934518 40074106 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137877173- PPP2R2D chr10: 131947775- BCOR chrX: 40057291- 137877192 131947794 40057310 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878510- PPP2R2D chr10: 131945305- BCOR chrX: 40073603- 137878529 131945324 40073622 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137879002- PPP2R2D chr10: 131911562- BCOR chrX: 40074157- 137879021 131911581 40074176 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137871467- PPP2R2D chr10: 131944056- BCOR chrX: 40075017- 137871486 131944075 40075036 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137879001- PPP2R2D chr10: 131945382- BCOR chrX: 40074903- 137879020 131945401 40074922 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137875731- PPP2R2D chr10: 131947633- BCOR chrX: 40074949- 137875750 131947652 40074968 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137875820- PPP2R2D chr10: 131901284- BCOR chrX: 40053888- 137875839 131901303 40053907 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137880133- PPP2R2D chr10: 131911594- BCOR chrX: 40074785- 137880152 131911613 40074804 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878796- NRP1 chr10: 33254103- BCOR chrX: 40077894- 137878815 33254122 40077913 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137877195- NRP1 chr10: 33263822- BCOR chrX: 40076456- 137877214 33263841 40076475 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137880103- NRP1 chr10: 33263660- BCOR chrX: 40062904- 137880122 33263679 40062923 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137875750- NRP1 chr10: 33256447- PDCD1 chr2: 241852282- 137875769 33256466 241852301 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878979- NRP1 chr10: 33263677- PDCD1 chr2: 241852278- 137878998 33263696 241852297 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137880119- NRP1 chr10: 33263699- PDCD1 chr2: 241852879- 137880138 33263718 241852898 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878741- NRP1 chr10: 33256400- PDCD1 chr2: 241852752- 137878760 33256419 241852771 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878795- NRP1 chr10: 33254025- PDCD1 chr2: 241852618- 137878814 33254044 241852637 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878817- NRP1 chr10: 33330718- PDCD1 chr2: 241852729- 137878836 33330737 241852748 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137878974- NRP1 chr10: 33254069- PDCD1 chr2: 241852687- 137878993 33254088 241852706 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137874868- NRP1 chr10: 33256432- PDCD1 chr2: 241852796- 137874887 33256451 241852815 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137876091- HAVCR2 chr5: 157106936- PDCD1 chr2: 241852933- 137876110 157106955 241852952 TNFAIP3 chr6: 137877199- HAVCR2 chr5: 157095368- PDCD1 chr2: 241852831- 137877218 157095387 241852850 HAVCR2 chr5: 157106898- PDCD1 chr2: 241851189- 157106917 241851208

TABLE 5B Murine Genome Coordinates Target Coordinates Target Coordinates Target Coordinates Ikzf1 chr11: 11754053- Gata3 chr2: 9874375- Lag3 chr6: 124908392- 11754072 9874394 124908411 Ikzf1 chr11: 11707883- Gata3 chr2: 9858592- Lag3 chr6: 124909391- 11707902 9858611 124909410 Ikzf1 chr11: 11754068- Gata3 chr2: 9877463- Lag3 chr6: 124909410- 11754087 9877482 124909429 Ikzf1 chr11: 11754134- Gata3 chr2: 9877514- Tigit chr16: 43662107- 11754153 9877533 43662126 Ikzf1 chr11: 11754153- Gata3 chr2: 9858607- Tigit chr16: 43662060- 11754172 9858626 43662079 Ikzf1 chr11: 11754103- Gata3 chr2: 9877338- Tigit chr16: 43661976- 11754122 9877357 43661995 Ikzf1 chr11: 11754015- Gata3 chr2: 9863114- Tigit chr16: 43662254- 11754034 9863133 43662273 Ikzf1 chr11: 11754119- Gata3 chr2: 9858626- Tigit chr16: 43661994- 11754138 9858645 43662013 Nfkbia chr12: 55491236- Rc3h1 chr1: 160930251- Tigit chr16: 43662156- 55491255 160930270 43662175 Nfkbia chr12: 55491172- Rc3h1 chr1: 160930280- Tigit chr16: 43662277- 55491191 160930299 43662296 Nfkbia chr12: 55491206- Rc3h1 chr1: 160930154- Tigit chr16: 43662012- 55491225 160930173 43662031 Nfkbia chr12: 55490633- Rc3h1 chr1: 160942614- Tigit chr16: 43664036- 55490652 160942633 43664055 Nfkbia chr12: 55491112- Rc3h1 chr1: 160930266- Tigit chr16: 43664057- 55491131 160930285 43664076 Nfkbia chr12: 55490800- Rc3h1 chr1: 160930185- Tigit chr16: 43649030- 55490819 160930204 43649049 Nfkbia chr12: 55490821- Rc3h1 chr1: 160938126- Tigit chr16: 43662129- 55490840 160938145 43662148 Nfkbia chr12: 55490526- Rc3h1 chr1: 160930198- Tigit chr16: 43662059- 55490545 160930217 43662078 Nfkbia chr12: 55491657- Traf6 chr2: 101688485- Tigit chr16: 43662148- 55491676 101688504 43662167 Nfkbia chr12: 55491177- Traf6 chr2: 101691455- Tigit chr16: 43664021- 55491196 101691474 43664040 Nfkbia chr12: 55491675- Traf6 chr2: 101688575- Ctla4 chr1: 60914621- 55491694 101688594 60914640 Nfkbia chr12: 55490773- Traf6 chr2: 101684742- Ctla4 chr1: 60909166- 55490792 101684761 60909185 Nfkbia chr12: 55490809- Traf6 chr2: 101688539- Ctla4 chr1: 60914725- 55490828 101688558 60914744 Nfkbia chr12: 55491735- Traf6 chr2: 101691482- Ctla4 chr1: 60909219- 55491754 101691501 60909238 Nfkbia chr12: 55490571- Traf6 chr2: 101688558- Ctla4 chr1: 60914673- 55490590 101688577 60914692 Nfkbia chr12: 55490588- Traf6 chr2: 101684510- Ctla4 chr1: 60912501- 55490607 101684529 60912520 Nfkbia chr12: 55491715- Cblb chr16: 52152499- Ctla4 chr1: 60912446- 55491734 52152518 60912465 Nfkbia chr12: 55492316- Cblb chr16: 52139574- Ctla4 chr1: 60912725- 55492335 52139593 60912744 Nfkbia chr12: 55491207- Cblb chr16: 52139603- Ctla4 chr1: 60912516- 55491226 52139622 60912535 Bcl3 chr3: 19809245- Cblb chr16: 52112122- Ctla4 chr1: 60912664- 19809264 52112141 60912683 Bcl3 chr3: 19811059- Cblb chr16: 52112134- Ctla4 chr1: 60912477- 19811078 52112153 60912496 Bcl3 chr3: 19809632- Cblb chr16: 52152535- Ctla4 chr1: 60912618- 19809651 52152554 60912637 Bcl3 chr3: 19809634- Cblb chr16: 52142891- Ctla4 chr1: 60912682- 19809653 52142910 60912701 Bcl3 chr3: 19809551- Cblb chr16: 52135797- Ctla4 chr1: 60912697- 19809570 52135816 60912716 Bcl3 chr3: 19809516- Cblb chr16: 52131105- Ctla4 chr1: 60912605- 19809535 52131124 60912624 Bcl3 chr3: 19812411- Cblb chr16: 52112169- Ctla4 chr1: 60912433- 19812430 52112188 60912452 Bcl3 chr3: 19811610- Cblb chr16: 52204542- Ctla4 chr1: 60909202- 19811629 52204561 60909221 Ikzf3 chr11: 98516898- Cblb chr16: 52131058- Ctla4 chr1: 60909165- 98516917 52131077 60909184 Ikzf3 chr11: 98467268- Cblb chr16: 52135876- Ctla4 chr1: 60914619- 98467287 52135895 60914638 Ikzf3 chr11: 98467464- Cblb chr16: 52135763- Ctla4 chr1: 60909244- 98467483 52135782 60909263 Ikzf3 chr11: 98467325- Cblb chr16: 52139509- Ptpn6 chr6: 124727399- 98467344 52139528 124727418 Ikzf3 chr11: 98467181- Ppp2r2d chr7: 138876553- Ptpn6 chr6: 124732470- 98467200 138876572 124732489 Ikzf3 chr11: 98477038- Ppp2r2d chr7: 138882200- Ptpn6 chr6: 124732484- 98477057 138882219 124732503 Ikzf3 chr11: 98466977- Ppp2r2d chr7: 138876565- Ptpn6 chr6: 124727385- 98466996 138876584 124727404 Ikzf3 chr11: 98467103- Ppp2r2d chr7: 138882451- Ptpn6 chr6: 124721816- 98467122 138882470 124721835 Tgfbr1 chr1: 47396418- Ppp2r2d chr7: 138882404- Ptpn6 chr6: 124725324- 47396437 138882423 124725343 Tgfbr1 chr4: 47396363- Ppp2r2d chr7: 138869675- Ptpn6 chr6: 124732430- 47396382 138869694 124732449 Tgfbr1 chr4: 47393272- Ppp2r2d chr7: 138876686- Ptpn6 chr6: 124732454- 47393291 138876705 124732473 Tgfbr1 chr4: 47393468- Ppp2r2d chr7: 138874130- Ptpn6 chr6: 124732329- 47393487 138874149 124732348 Tgfbr1 chr4: 47393456- Nrp1 chr8: 128363358- Ptpn6 chr6: 124725334- 47393475 128363377 124725353 Tgfbr1 chr4: 47396564- Nrp1 chr8: 128363296- Ptpn6 chr6: 124732349- 47396583 128363315 124732368 Tgfbr1 chr4: 47393315- Nrp1 chr8: 128359628- Ptpn6 chr6: 124732309- 47393334 128359647 124732328 Tgfbr1 chr1: 47396434- Nrp1 chr8: 128476138- Ptpn6 chr6: 124727402- 47396453 128476157 124727421 Tgfbr1 chr4: 47393288- Nrp1 chr8: 128363272- Ptpn6 chr6: 124732435- 47393307 128363291 124732454 Tgfbr1 chr4: 47396512- Nrp1 chr8: 128359612- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041239- 47396531 128359631 94041258 Tgfbr1 chr4: 47402873- Nrp1 chr8: 128363336- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041292- 47402892 128363355 94041311 Tgfbr1 chr4: 47396539- Nrp1 chr8: 128363210- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041357- 47396558 128363229 94041376 Tgfbr1 chr1: 47393266- Nrp1 chr8: 128425932- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041207- 47393285 128425951 94041226 Tgfbr1 chr4: 47396394- Nrp1 chr8: 128497936- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041223- 47396413 128497955 94041242 Tgfbr1 chr1: 47393462- Nrp1 chr8: 128468551- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041394- 47393481 128468570 94041413 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116129944- Nrp1 chr8: 128363251- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041165- 116129963 128363270 94041184 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116129900- Nrp1 chr8: 128460693- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041179- 116129919 128460712 94041198 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116129928- Havcr2 chr11: 46456439- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041468- 116129947 46456458 94041487 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116131548- Havcr2 chr11: 46469515- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041331- 116131567 46469534 94041350 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116131562- Havcr2 chr11: 46466864- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041421- 116131581 46466883 94041440 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116131610- Havcr2 chr11: 46479374- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041165- 116131629 46479393 94041184 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116131588- Havcr2 chr11: 46456495- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041421- 116131607 46456514 94041440 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116131529- Havcr2 chr11: 46479356- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041331- 116131548 46479375 94041350 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116110272- Havcr2 chr11: 46455033- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041468- 116110291 46455052 94041487 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116109969- Havcr2 chr11: 46469534- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041239- 116109988 46469553 94041258 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116129901- Havcr2 chr11: 46456242- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041292- 116129920 46456261 94041311 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116129988- Havcr2 chr11: 46479302- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041357- 116130007 46479321 94041376 Tgfbr2 chr9: 116110004- Havcr2 chr11: 46456496- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041207- 116110023 46456515 94041226 Tnip1 chr11: 54939673- Havcr2 chr11: 46456355- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041223- 54939692 46456374 94041242 Tnip1 chr11: 54930778- Havcr2 chr11: 46469521- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041394- 54930797 46469540 94041413 Tnip1 chr11: 54934036- Havcr2 chr11: 46459111- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041179- 54934055 46459130 94041198 Tnip1 chr11: 54934071- Havcr2 chr11: 46456301- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041412- 54934090 46456320 94041431 Tnip1 chr11: 54930799- Lag3 chr6: 124908571- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041268- 54930818 124908590 94041287 Tnip1 chr11: 54930820- Lag3 chr6: 124909259- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041309- 54930839 124909278 94041328 Tnip1 chr11: 54933977- Lag3 chr6: 124909424- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041469- 54933996 124909443 94041488 Tnip1 chr11: 54929117- Lag3 chr6: 124908491- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041189- 54929136 124908510 94041208 Tnfaip3 chr10: 19011464- Lag3 chr6: 124909299- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041331- 19011483 124909318 94041350 Tnfaip3 chr10: 19008246- Lag3 chr6: 124909474- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041239- 19008265 124909493 94041258 Tnfaip3 chr10: 19008332- Lag3 chr6: 124909286- Pdcd1 chr1: 94041292- 19008351 124909305 94041311 Tnfaip3 chr10: 19006919- Lag3 chr6: 124908450- 19006938 124908469 Tnfaip3 chr10: 19008294- Lag3 chr6: 124908529- 19008313 124908548 Tnfaip3 chr10: 19008234- Lag3 chr6: 124909272- 19008253 124909291 Tnfaip3 chr10: 19002796- Lag3 chr6: 124909399- 19002815 124909418 Tnfaip3 chr10: 19006981- Lag3 chr6: 124909228- 19007000 124909247

TABLE 6A Human Genome Coordinates Target Coordinates Target Coordinates Target Coordinates BCL2L11 chr2: 111123809- PBRM1 chr3: 52554752- CALM2 chr2: 47167608- 111123828 52554771 47167627 BCL2L11 chr2: 111142346- PBRM1 chr3: 52603635- CALM2 chr2: 47162389- 111142365 52603654 47162408 BCL2L11 chr2: 111150125- PBRM1 chr3: 52634703- CALM2 chr2: 47162623- 111150144 52634722 47162642 BCL2L11 chr2: 111164161- PBRM1 chr3: 52662232- CALM2 chr2: 47161766- 111164180 52662251 47161785 BCL2L11 chr2: 111123880- PBRM1 chr3: 52609796- CALM2 chr2: 47161806- 111123899 52609815 47161825 BCL2L11 chr2: 111142303- PBRM1 chr3: 52554720- CALM2 chr2: 47162544- 111142322 52554739 47162563 BCL2L11 chr2: 111128637- PBRM1 chr3: 52668623- CALM2 chr2: 47167482- 111128656 52668642 47167501 BCL2L11 chr2: 111124067- PBRM1 chr3: 52679663- CALM2 chr2: 47162606- 111124086 52679682 47162625 BCL2L11 chr2: 111150032- PBRM1 chr3: 52617272- CALM2 chr2: 47162351- 111150051 52617291 47162370 BCL2L11 chr2: 111153772- PBRM1 chr3: 52678502- CALM2 chr2: 47162279- 111153791 52678521 47162298 BCL2L11 chr2: 111124106- PBRM1 chr3: 52558272- CALM2 chr2: 47172416- 111124125 52558291 47172435 BCL2L11 chr2: 111123866- PBRM1 chr3: 52668512- SERPINA3 chr14: 94614673- 111123885 52668531 94614692 BCL2L11 chr2: 111130128- PBRM1 chr3: 52643284- SERPINA3 chr14: 94619278- 111130147 52643303 94619297 BCL2L11 chr2: 111123761- PBRM1 chr3: 52558266- SERPINA3 chr14: 94614582- 111123780 52558285 94614601 BCL2L11 chr2: 111150081- PBRM1 chr3: 52634800- SERPINA3 chr14: 94619423- 111150100 52634819 94619442 BCL2L11 chr2: 111123790- PBRM1 chr3: 52603596- SERPINA3 chr14: 94614528- 111123809 52603615 94614547 BCL2L11 chr2: 111153779- PBRM1 chr3: 52643330- SERPINA3 chr14: 94614599- 111153798 52643349 94614618 BCL2L11 chr2: 111124008- PBRM1 chr3: 52651751- SERPINA3 chr14: 94614744- 111124027 52651770 94614763 BCL2L11 chr2: 111123848- WDR6 chr3: 49008972- SERPINA3 chr14: 94614944- 111123867 49008991 94614963 BCL2L11 chr2: 111123849- WDR6 chr3: 49011963- SERPINA3 chr14: 94614885- 111123868 49011982 94614904 CHIC2 chr1: 54064267- WDR6 chr3: 49011741- SERPINA3 chr14: 94614692- 54064286 49011760 94614711 CHIC2 chr1: 54049066- WDR6 chr3: 49014895- SEMA7A chr15: 74417586- 54049085 49014914 74417605 CHIC2 chr1: 54048982- WDR6 chr3: 49012228- SEMA7A chr15: 74416690- 54049001 49012247 74416709 CHIC2 chr1: 54064276- WDR6 chr3: 49007462- SEMA7A chr15: 74417405- 54064295 49007481 74417424 CHIC2 chr4: 54014101- WDR6 chr3: 49012620- SEMA7A chr15: 74416640- 54014120 49012639 74416659 CHIC2 chr4: 54013870- WDR6 chr3: 49012948- SEMA7A chr1 5: 74415947- 54013889 49012967 74415966 CHIC2 chr1: 54049029- RBM39 chr20: 35729298- SEMA7A chr1 5: 74411646- 54049048 35729317 74411665 CHIC2 chr1: 54049258- RBM39 chr20: 35738973- SEMA7A chr15: 74417429- 54049277 35738992 74417448 CHIC2 chr1: 54064203- RBM39 chr20: 35725067- SEMA7A chr15: 74414850- 54064222 35725086 74414869 CHIC2 chr1: 54064222- RBM39 chr20: 35714187- SEMA7A chr15: 74417393- 54064241 35714206 74417412 CHIC2 chr4: 54014065- RBM39 chr20: 35716784- DHODH chr16: 72014466- 54014084 35716803 72014485 CHIC2 chr1: 54064183- RBM39 chr20: 35739528- DHODH chr16: 72008782- 54064202 35739547 72008801 FLI1 chr11: 128772938- RBM39 chr20: 35734223- DHODH chr16: 72012120- 128772957 35734242 72012139 FLI1 chr11: 128810556- RBM39 chr20: 35735042- DHODH chr16: 72012061- 128810575 35735061 72012080 FLI1 chr11: 128768268- RBM39 chr20: 35724711- DHODH chr16: 72022430- 128768287 35724730 72022449 FLI1 chr11: 128772807- RBM39 chr20: 35729482- DHODH chr16: 72014503- 128772826 35729501 72014522 FLI1 chr11: 128807189- RBM39 chr20: 35731997- DHODH chr16: 72014529- 128807208 35732016 72014548 FLI1 chr11: 128768230- RBM39 chr20: 35731969- DHODH chr16: 72012094- 128768249 35731988 72012113 FLI1 chr11: 128807207- RBM39 chr20: 35740826- DHODH chr16: 72012147- 128807226 35740845 72012166 FLI1 chr11: 128810519- RBM39 chr20: 35716771- DHODH chr16: 72017036- 128810538 35716790 72017055 FLI1 chr11: 128810490- RBM39 chr20: 35707976- DHODH chr16: 72008781- 128810509 35707995 72008800 FLI1 chr11: 128810665- RBM39 chr20: 35734220- DHODH chr16: 72012216- 128810684 35734239 72012235 FLI1 chr11: 128772978- RBM39 chr20: 35707942- DHODH chr16: 72014491- 128772997 35707961 72014510 FLI1 chr11: 128772894- RBM39 chr20: 35729478- DHODH chr16: 72008781- 128772913 35729497 72008800 PCBP1 chr2: 70087872- RBM39 chr20: 35740555- DHODH chr16: 72014548- 70087891 35740574 72014567 PCBP1 chr2: 70087909- RBM39 chr20: 35736543- UMPS chr3: 124738139- 70087928 35736562 124738158 PCBP1 chr2: 70087790- RBM39 chr20: 35739531- UMPS chr3: 124730574- 70087809 35739550 124730593 PCBP1 chr2: 70087821- RBM39 chr20: 35732003- UMPS chr3: 124737663- 70087840 35732022 124737682 PCBP1 chr2: 70087998- RBM39 chr20: 35714241- UMPS chr3: 124737918- 70088017 35714260 124737937 PCBP1 chr2: 70088588- RBM39 chr20: 35736551- UMPS chr3: 124735177- 70088607 35736570 124735196 PCBP1 chr2: 70088106- E2F8 chr11: 19234923- GNAS chr20: 58895661- 70088125 19234942 58895680 PCBP1 chr2: 70087940- E2F8 chr11: 19234390- GNAS chr20: 58903685- 70087959 19234409 58903704 PCBP1 chr2: 70088307- E2F8 chr11: 19237345- GNAS chr20: 58905460- 70088326 19237364 58905479 PCBP1 chr2: 70088200- E2F8 chr11: 19235005- GNAS chr20: 58840352- 70088219 19235024 58840371 PCBP1 chr2: 70088063- E2F8 chr11: 19225425- GNAS chr20: 58840096- 70088082 19225444 58840115 PCBP1 chr2: 70087845- E2F8 chr11: 19237329- GNAS chr20: 58840253- 70087864 19237348 58840272 E2F8 chr11: 19234967- GNAS chr20: 58891819- 19234986 58891838 E2F8 chr11: 19234422- GNAS chr20: 58891756- 19234441 58891775 E2F8 chr11: 19237906- GNAS chr20: 58891768- 19237925 58891787 E2F8 chr11: 19237980- GNAS chr20: 58840195- 19237999 58840214 E2F8 chr11: 19232290- GNAS chr20: 58891728- 19232309 58891747 E2F8 chr11: 19229509- GNAS chr20: 58840198- 19229528 58840217

TABLE 6B Murine Genome Coordinates Target Coordinates Target Coordinates Target Coordinates Bcl2l11 chr2: 128128713- Fli1 chr9: 32461444- Wdr6 chr9: 108578530- 128128732 32461463 108578549 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128147115- Fi11 chr9: 32461386- Wdr6 chr9: 108576565- 128147134 32461405 108576584 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128128731- Fli1 chr9: 32461401- Wdr6 chr9: 108578514- 128128750 32461420 108578533 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128147173- Fli1 chr9: 32465687- Wdr6 chr9: 108578497- 128147192 32465706 108578516 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128128648- Fli1 chr9: 32461420- Wdr6 chr9: 108576511- 128128667 32461439 108576530 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128128660- Fli1 chr9: 32424186- Dhodh chr8: 109596082- 128128679 32424205 109596101 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128147091- Fli1 chr9: 32461239- Dhodh chr8: 109601459- 128147110 32461258 109601478 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128128682- Fli1 chr9: 32424232- Dhodh chr8: 109603453- 128128701 32424251 109603472 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128128640- Pcbp1 chr6: 86525508- Dhodh chr8: 109603306- 128128659 86525527 109603325 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128147141- Pcbp1 chr6: 86524927- Dhodh chr8: 109603364- 128147160 86524946 109603383 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128158269- Pcbp1 chr6: 86525842- Dhodh chr8: 109603351- 128158288 86525861 109603370 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128158233- Pcbp1 chr6: 86525525- Dhodh chr8: 109596173- 128158252 86525544 109596192 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128147129- Pcbp1 chr6: 86525608- Dhodh chr8: 109601503- 128147148 86525627 109601522 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128128753- Pcbp1 chr6: 86525731- Gnas chr2: 174334196- 128128772 86525750 174334215 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128158301- Pcbp1 chr6: 86525676- Gnas chr2: 174345476- 128158320 86525695 174345495 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128147086- Pcbp1 chr6: 86525148- Gnas chr2: 174346023- 128147105 86525167 174346042 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128128730- Pbrm1 14: 31040494- Gnas chr2: 174341872- 128128749 31040513 174341891 Bcl2l11 chr2: 128128992- Pbrm1 14: 31038941- Gnas chr2: 174345749- 128129011 31038960 174345768 Chic2 chr5: 75027179- Pbrm1 14: 31061547- Gnas chr2: 174345419- 75027198 31061566 174345438 Chic2 chr5: 75044295- Pbrm1 14: 31036055- Gnas chr2: 174334251- 75044314 31036074 174334270 Chic2 chr5: 75044192- Pbrm1 14: 31067548- Gnas chr2: 174345768- 75044211 31067567 174345787 Chic2 chr5: 75011480- Pbrm1 14: 31027510- 75011499 31027529 Chic2 chr5: 75044214- Pbrm1 14: 31067943- 75044233 31067962 Chic2 chr5: 75011437- Pbrm1 14: 31030854- 75011456 31030873 Chic2 chr5: 75027108- 75027127 Chic2 chr5: 75044244- 75044263

TABLE 6C Human Genome Coordinates Target Coordinates Target Coordinates Target Coordinates ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37480274_37480293 37482857_37482876 37483381_37483400 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482967_37482986 37475578_37475597 37482899_37482918 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482922_37482941 37480329_37480348 37480373_37480392 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37480273_37480292 37480288_37480307 37481847_37481866 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482886_37482905 37481600_37481619 37483330_37483349 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483185_37483204 37483212_37483231 37483065_37483084 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475817_37475836 37483337_37483356 37482499_37482518 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483033_37483052 37475542_37475561 37483105_37483124 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37480408_37480427 37483197_37483216 37475631_37475650 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483026_37483045 37482730_37482749 37483530_37483549 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483463_37483482 37475599_37475618 37483407_37483426 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37480362_37480381 37483262_37483281 37483308_37483327 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482962_37482981 37482790_37482809 37482853_37482872 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475775_37475794 37482719_37482738 37482934_37482953 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475509_37475528 37482860_37482879 37475591_37475610 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475722_37475741 37483443_37483462 37475826_37475845 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475818_37475837 37483558_37483577 37475865_37475884 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482966_37482985 37481599_37481618 37481784_37481803 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37480388_37480407 37475845_37475864 37480322_37480341 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483142_37483161 37475730_37475749 37475664_37475683 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482448_37482467 37482524_37482543 37475757_37475776 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483049_37483068 37482849_37482868 37483385_37483404 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482905_37482924 37475529_37475548 37482933_37482952 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482733_37482752 37475664_37475683 37475866_37475885 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37480423_37480442 37482972_37482991 37475843_37475862 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482456_37482475 37483321_37483340 37475797_37475816 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483551_37483570 37482984_37483003 37475642_37475661 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37481767_37481786 37475807_37475826 37483270_37483289 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475715_37475734 37483213_37483232 37483024_37483043 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483377_37483396 37482427_37482446 37483201_37483220 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475593_37475612 37483104_37483123 37482447_37482466 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475875_37475894 37482879_37482898 37483253_37483272 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475534_37475553 37483409_37483428 37483429_37483448 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482764_37482783 37482752_37482771 37483195_37483214 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475869_37475888 37480391_37480410 37481648_37481667 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483437_37483456 37475694_37475713 37483424_37483443 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475598_37475617 37482458_37482477 37475580_37475599 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482438_37482457 37475774_37475793 37482980_37482999 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483257_37483276 37475574_37475593 37480408_37480427 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483263_37483282 37475803_37475822 37483405_37483424 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482545_37482564 37481605_37481624 37475740_37475759 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483015_37483034 37482437_37482456 37480387_37480406 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37481595_37481614 37482825_37482844 37483507_37483526 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482923_37482942 37483595_37483614 37483110_37483129 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483143_37483162 37483510_37483529 37483325_37483344 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482348_37482367 37483283_37483302 37481692_37481711 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483018_37483037 37482446_37482465 37475826_37475845 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482612_37482631 37475700_37475719 37483098_37483117 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475613_37475632 37475721_37475740 37481758_37481777 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475563_37475582 37475628_37475647 37480320_37480339 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475535_37475554 37482848_37482867 37483380_37483399 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482843_37482862 37483134_37483153 37483011_37483030 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37480424_37480443 37475543_37475562 37483509_37483528 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482606_37482625 37482799_37482818 37483509_37483528 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483098_37483117 37483296_37483315 37482768_37482787 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483508_37483527 37483332_37483351 37475804_37475823 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483559_37483578 37483600_37483619 37475808_37475827 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483256_37483275 37482410_37482429 37475859_37475878 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475936_37475955 37481718_37481737 37482973_37482992 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475607_37475626 37483395_37483414 37475634_37475653 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475809_37475828 37482428_37482447 37475854_37475873 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483186_37483205 37475562_37475581 37480334_37480353 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37481747_37481766 37483500_37483519 37480414_37480433 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482734_37482753 37475827_37475846 37480316_37480335 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483278_37483297 37483586_37483605 37482971_37482990 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482332_37482351 37483089_37483108 37482781_37482800 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483109_37483128 37483419_37483438 37483173_37483192 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475633_37475652 37480285_37480304 37482391_37482410 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482591_37482610 37483256_37483275 37482392_37482411 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483271_37483290 37483420_37483439 37482936_37482955 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483603_37483622 37475691_37475710 37483408_37483427 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482504_37482523 37483419_37483438 37481779_37481798 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483252_37483271 37475918_37475937 37483206_37483225 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483119_37483138 37475589_37475608 37482561_37482580 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482343_37482362 37482362_37482381 37481745_37481764 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483144_37483163 37482566_37482585 37475802_37475821 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483213_37483232 37482963_37482982 37483494_37483513 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482981_37483000 37483420_37483439 37483371_37483390 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482789_37482808 37483139_37483158 37482552_37482571 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483159_37483178 37483619_37483638 37475491_37475510 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482349_37482368 37481764_37481783 37482479_37482498 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483602_37483621 37475650_37475669 37483140_37483159 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37481596_37481615 37483405_37483424 37483313_37483332 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482537_37482556 37483037_37483056 37483458_37483477 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482370_37482389 37483211_37483230 37483320_37483339 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475546_37475565 37475537_37475556 37483204_37483223 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482598_37482617 37475756_37475775 37475792_37475811 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483146_37483165 37482403_37482422 37483475_37483494 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475812_37475831 37482455_37482474 37475577_37475596 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483400_37483419 37480311_37480330 37475787_37475806 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475703_37475722 37482586_37482605 37483574_37483593 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483418_37483437 37483099_37483118 37480284_37480303 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37480284_37480303 37483342_37483361 37482369_37482388 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482800_37482819 37481823_37481842 37483384_37483403 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475721_37475740 37482777_37482796 37483425_37483444 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482715_37482734 37482412_37482431 37482582_37482601 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37480281_37480300 37483604_37483623 37483153_37483172 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482491_37482510 37483438_37483457 37482935_37482954 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483497_37483516 37482445_37482464 37483378_37483397 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475899_37475918 37483331_37483350 37482952_37482971 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475889_37475908 37483111_37483130 37483399_37483418 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482375_37482394 37482847_37482866 37483309_37483328 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475741_37475760 37483249_37483268 37483200_37483219 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482900_37482919 37481754_37481773 37481641_37481660 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482442_37482461 37475684_37475703 37481656_37481675 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37481644_37481663 37482519_37482538 37483036_37483055 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482464_37482483 37482475_37482494 37483474_37483493 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482994_37483013 37482613_37482632 37483004_37483023 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483437_37483456 37482939_37482958 37481846_37481865 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482736_37482755 37475541_37475560 37483205_37483224 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482538_37482557 37481763_37481782 37483406_37483425 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483515_37483534 37483231_37483250 37480336_37480355 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475874_37475893 37482953_37482972 37481716_37481735 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483145_37483164 37482407_37482426 37480335_37480354 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482587_37482606 37475808_37475827 37481659_37481678 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475482_37475501 37481620_37481639 37475809_37475828 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475844_37475863 37475592_37475611 37482565_37482584 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37480415_37480434 37483156_37483175 37482491_37482510 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37481709_37481728 37480329_37480348 37483379_37483398 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483366_37483385 37475573_37475592 37481654_37481673 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475627_37475646 37483198_37483217 37482567_37482586 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482447_37482466 37483557_37483576 37481614_37481633 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37481758_37481777 37482892_37482911 37482562_37482581 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483560_37483579 37483334_37483353 37475868_37475887 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475869_37475888 37481708_37481727 37482557_37482576 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37481655_37481674 37483063_37483082 37483511_37483530 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37481645_37481664 37482998_37483017 37475615_37475634 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483016_37483035 37482942_37482961 37483333_37483352 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475838_37475857 37475508_37475527 37482840_37482859 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482850_37482869 37482371_37482390 37483545_37483564 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475510_37475529 37483119_37483138 37482830_37482849 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483510_37483529 37482798_37482817 37482444_37482463 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483064_37483083 37475859_37475878 37482571_37482590 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483149_37483168 37483401_37483420 37482553_37482572 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483449_37483468 37482851_37482870 37483543_37483562 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483264_37483283 37475524_37475543 37483542_37483561 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37475508_37475527 37475601_37475620 37482575_37482594 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37480415_37480434 37475815_37475834 37475855_37475874 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37482918_37482937 37482801_37482820 37482572_37482591 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: Zc3h12a chr1: 125122335- 37482474_37482493 37475544_37475563 125122354 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: Zc3h12a chr1: 125121083- 37483232_37483251 37483010_37483029 125121102 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: Zc3h12a chr1: 125120961- 37475732_37475751 37483077_37483096 125120980 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: Zc3h12a chr1: 125122390- 37481602_37481621 37482404_37482423 125122409 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: Zc3h12a chr1: 125120373- 37480289_37480308 37475692_37475711 125120392 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: Zc3h12a chr1: 125122250- 37483165_37483184 37483596_37483615 125122269 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: Zc3h12a chr1: 125122375- 37483248_37483267 37483372_37483391 125122394 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: Zc3h12a chr1: 125120975- 37483078_37483097 37481596_37481615 125120994 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483017_37483036 37480370_37480389 ZC3H12A Chr1: ZC3H12A Chr1: 37483174_37483193 37480377_37480396

TABLE 6D Murine Genome Coordinates Target Coordinates Zc3h12a chr1: 125122335-125122354 Zc3h12a chr1: 125121083-125121102 Zc3h12a chr1: 125120961-125120980 Zc3h12a chr1: 125122390-125122409 Zc3h12a chr1: 125120373-125120392 Zc3h12a chr1: 125122250-125122269 Zc3h12a chr1: 125122375-125122394 Zc3h12a chr1: 125120975-125120994

TABLE 6E Human Genome Coordinates Target Coordinates MAP4K1 chr19: 38617794-38617813 MAP4K1 chr19: 38612617-38612636 MAP4K1 chr19: 38599957-38599976 MAP4K1 chr19: 38617616-38617635 MAP4K1 chr19: 38607904-38607923 MAP4K1 chr19: 38613865-38613884 MAP4K1 chr19: 38607916-38607935 MAP4K1 chr19: 38617828-38617847 MAP4K1 chr19: 38616225-38616244 MAP4K1 chr19: 38610007-38610026 MAP4K1 chr19: 38599964-38599983 MAP4K1 chr19: 38612614-38612633 MAP4K1 chr19: 38617365-38617384

TABLE 6F Murine Genome Coordinates Target Coordinates Map4k1 chr7: 28983466-28983485 Map4k1 chr7: 28983244-28983263 Map4k1 chr7: 28983478-28983497 Map4k1 chr7: 28983003-28983022 Map4k1 chr7: 28983420-28983439 Map4k1 chr7: 28983436-28983455 Map4k1 chr7: 28983405-28983424 Map4k1 chr7: 28983214-28983233 Map4k1 chr7: 28984113-28984132 Map4k1 chr7: 28984134-28984153 Map4k1 chr7: 28983019-28983038 Map4k1 chr7: 28986802-28986821 Map4k1 chr7: 28983446-28983465 Map4k1 chr7: 28983220-28983239 Map4k1 chr7: 28983466-28983485 Map4k1 chr7: 28983478-28983497

TABLE 6H Murine Genome Coordinates Target Coordinates Nr4a3 chr4: 48051580-48051599 Nr4a3 chr4: 48052171-48052190 Nr4a3 chr4: 48055944-48055963 Nr4a3 chr4: 48056028-48056047 Nr4a3 chr4: 48051515-48051534 Nr4a3 chr4: 48052131-48052150 Nr4a3 chr4: 48051303-48051322 Nr4a3 chr4: 48052115-48052134 Nr4a3 chr4: 48051287-48051306 Nr4a3 chr4: 48051580-48051599 Nr4a3 chr4: 48052171-48052190 Nr4a3 chr4: 48051348-48051367 Nr4a3 chr4: 48051255-48051274 Nr4a3 chr4: 48051366-48051385 Nr4a3 chr4: 48056024-48056043 Nr4a3 chr4: 48055983-48056002

TABLE 6G Human Genome Coordinates Target Coordinates NR4A3 chr9: 99826780-99826799 NR4A3 chr9: 99828951-99828970 NR4A3 chr9: 99828105-99828124 NR4A3 chr9: 99826768-99826787 NR4A3 chr9: 99828319-99828338 NR4A3 chr9: 99832766-99832785 NR4A3 chr9: 99828263-99828282 NR4A3 chr9: 99828909-99828928 NR4A3 chr9: 99828489-99828508 NR4A3 chr9: 99828437-99828456 NR4A3 chr9: 99828669-99828688 NR4A3 chr9: 99832703-99832722 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of treating cancer in a human subject comprising: administering to the human subject a modified human tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) comprising a modified endogenous ZC3H12A gene, wherein ZC3H12A protein expression and/or function is reduced in the modified human TIL, relative to ZC3H12A protein expression and/or function in an unmodified human TIL expressing an unmodified endogenous ZC3H12A gene, and anti-tumor efficacy of the modified human TIL is increased, relative to anti-tumor efficacy of the unmodified human TIL.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the modified endogenous ZC3H12A gene comprises an insertion and deletion (indel).
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the modified human TIL further comprises an exogenous transgene expressing an immune activating molecule selected from the group consisting of a cytokine, a chemokine, a co-stimulatory molecule, an activating peptide, and an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the modified human TIL further comprises a modified endogenous target gene selected from the group consisting of IKZF1, IKZF3, GATA3, BCL3, TNIP1, TNFAIP3, NFKBIA, SMAD2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TANK, FOXP3, RC3H1, TRAF6, IKZF2, CBLB, PPP2R2D, NRP1, HAVCR2, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, PTPN6, PDCD1, BCOR, BCL2L11, FLI1, CALM2, DHODH, UMPS, RBM39, SEMA7A, CHIC2, PCBP1, PBRM1, WDR6, E2F8, SERPINA3, GNAS, MAP4K1 and NR4A3.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the modified human TIL further comprises a modified endogenous TGFBR2 gene.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the modified endogenous TGFBR2 gene comprises an indel.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is a leukemia, a lymphoma, or a solid tumor.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the solid tumor is a melanoma, a pancreatic tumor, a bladder tumor, a lung tumor, a colorectal cancer, or a head and neck tumor.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the solid tumor is a melanoma.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is a PD1 resistant or PD1 insensitive cancer.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the modified human TIL is autologous to the human subject.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the modified human TIL is allogeneic to the human subject.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the modified human TIL is administered to the subject by infusion.
 15. A method of treating cancer in a human subject comprising: administering to the human subject a population of at least 1×10⁶ modified human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), wherein modified human TIL of the population comprise a modified endogenous ZC3H12A gene, wherein the modified endogenous ZC3H12A gene comprises an insertion and deletion (indel), ZC3H12A protein expression and/or function is reduced in the modified human TIL, relative to ZC3H12A protein expression and/or function in an unmodified human TIL expressing an unmodified endogenous ZC3H12A gene, and anti-tumor efficacy of the modified human TIL is increased, relative to anti-tumor efficacy of the unmodified human TIL.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the solid tumor is a melanoma.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the modified human TIL is autologous to the human subject.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the modified human TIL is administered to the subject by infusion.
 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the population comprises about 1×10⁷ to about 1×10¹² of the modified human TIL. 